SOC 101: Exam 1
53 Cards in this Set
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Study of how social life is constructed thru acts of symbolic communication
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Conflict Theory
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Theory that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general
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Functionalism
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Theory that various social institutions & processes in society exist to serve some important function to keep society running
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Manifest Functions
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Explicit
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Latent Functions
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Hidden
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Macro Sociology
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Looks at social dynamics across whole societies, or a large part of them
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Micro Sociology
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Seeks to understand local interaction
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Social Institution
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Complex group of interdependent positions that preform a social role & reproduce themselves over time
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Sociological Imagination
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Ability to see the connections between our personal experience and larger forces of history
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Sociology
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Study of Human Society
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C. Wright Mills
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Sees link between "personal troubles" and "social issues" "make the familiar strange"
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Generalizability
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The extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger then what we studied
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Validity
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The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure
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Reliability
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The likelihood of obtaining consistent results using the same measure
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Hypothesis
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A proposed relationship between 2 variables
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Operationlization
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The process of assigning a precise method for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study
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Dependent Variable
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The effect. The outcome a researcher is trying to explain.
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Independent Variable
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The cause. The variable(s) that are effecting the DV
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Reverse Causality
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A situation in which researchers believe that A is causing B, but really, B is causing A
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Causality
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Notion that a change in one factor results in a corresponding change in another factor
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Correlation
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Simultaneous variation in 2 variables
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Deductive
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1. Theory. 2. Hypothesis 3. Empirical Observations 4. analyze data to confirm, reject or modify original theory
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Inductive
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Starts with empirical observations and then forms a theory
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Quantitative
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Seeks to find info about the social world that its already in- or that can be converted to a numeric form
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Qualitative
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Seeks to find info on social world that can not be converted to numeric form
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Content Analysis
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Systematic analysis of the content rather then the structure of a communication- such as written work, speech or film.
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Comparative Research
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2 or more entities (such as countries) that are similar on some things, but differ on 1 thing in question- are compared to learn about the thing that makes them different
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Open Ended Question
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Allows respondents to come up with their own answers
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Close Ended Question
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Constrains respondents to a limited set of answers
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Survey
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A ordered series of questions, asking people to give precise information about their behaviors and attitudes
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Interviews
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A research method, qualitative
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Participant Observation
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Qualitative research that seeks to uncover the meaning people give their social actions by observing their behaviors in practice. Both participant and observer
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"White Coat" Hawthorne Effect
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When people know they are being studied and thus act differently
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What we can observe
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What we can observe
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Latent Content
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What is implied but not stated outright
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Control Group
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They do not get the treatment- but think they do
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Treatment Group
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They get the treatment
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Unobtrusive Measures
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Researchers collect observational data without disrupting the people who are being studied
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3 Rules of Ethical Research
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1. Do No Harm
2. Informed Consent
3. Voluntary Participation
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Culture
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Thoughts, behavior & production passed down thru generations by communicative interaction. Everything except for the natural environment
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Material Culture
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Everything that is a part of our constructed, physical environment, including technology
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Ethnocentrism
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Belief that ones own group is superior to others
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Cultural Relativism
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Taking into account the differences across cultures and not passing judgement or assigning value.
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Mores
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Strongly sanctioned norms
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Folkways
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Weakly sanctioned norms
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Sanctions
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Rewards or punishments for following/breaking norms
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Formal Norms
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Rules written down
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Informal Norms
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Rules not written down
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Subculture
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Distinct cultural values and behavior patterns of a group in society, a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols and a shared meaning specific to the members that distinguish it from others within the same culture
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Norms
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Set of formal and informal rules. Understandings that regulate the behavior of individuals and groups
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Hegemony
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A condition by which a dominant group uses its power to elicit the voluntary "consent" of the masses
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Domination
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Getting people to do what you want by use of force
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Consumerism
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Steady acquisition of material possessions, often with the belief that happiness and fulfillment can be achieved
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SOC 101: Exam 2