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values
shared judgements about what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, right or wrong
beliefs
more specific ideas we hold about life, how society works, and where we fit in
norms
expected patterns of social behavior rules of behavior by members of a society and rooted in the value system
folkways
customs or desirable behaviors ex: holidays
mores
matter of right and wrong
taboos
actions considered unthinkable or unspeakable
laws
norms that have been formally encoded by those holding political power in society
sanctions
reinforce norms through rewards and penalties
social status
positions you hold in the social world defines how we interact with others and how others react to us in a specific situation
ascribed status
often assigned at birth and do not change during individual's lifetime
achieved status
chosen or earned decisions one makes and sometimes by personal ability
master status
at a particular time in life or under certain circumstances, one's status may become most important and take precedence over others
roles
expected behaviors, rights and obligations of a status
socialization
life long process of learning to become a member of the social world
resocialization
process of shedding one or more positions and taking on others
formal agents
socialization is stated goal usually have some official or legal responsibility for instructing individuals ex: families, social classes
informal agents
do not express purpose of socialization function as unofficial forces that shape values, beliefs, and behaviors ex: media
transnationalism
individual or a family that has national loyalty to more than one country
social stratification
how individuals and groups are layered or ranked in society according to how many valued resources they possess
cultural capital
knowledge and access to important information in society
social capital
networks with others who have influence
conspicuous consumption
displaying goods in a way that others will notice and that will presumably earn the owner respect
structural-functionalists theory
-sees society as comprised by different parts (structures) each having a function. The parts work together through their functions to stabilize society into a harmonious and working whole -to work hard and seek the highest positions in society and therefore get the best leaders in all oc…
conflict theory
conflict in society is inevitable because people and groups who own the means of production (the capitalists or bourgeoisie) exploit those who do not own such means (the workers or proletariat). The ongoing conflicts result in social change
evolutionary theory
1. to strive, people must cooperate  2. conflicts of interest occur over important decisions that benefit one individual or group over another 3. valued items like money and status are always in demand and in short supply 4. there is likely to be a struggle over these goods 5. customs…
life chances
one's opportunities based on achieved and ascribed status in society  ex: education, health
lifestyle
your attitudes, values, beliefs, behavior patterns, and other aspects of your place in your world, shaped by socialization ex: achievement, religion, political behavior, status
social mobility
the extent to which people move up or down in the class system, especially from one generation to the next
intergenerational mobility
change in status compared to one's parents' status ex: education and occupational attainment
open class system
allows movement between classes
intragenerational mobility
refers to the change in position in a single individual's life ex: teacher's aide to school superintendent
vertical mobility
movement up or down in the hierarchy and sometimes involves changing social classes ex: waitress to college degree in engineering to engineer
ascribed stratification system
characteristics determine one's position in society
achieved stratification system
allows individuals to earn positions through their ability and effort
caste system
ascribed stratification  individuals are born into a social class that which the must retain for their whole lives, they have predetermined occupational positions, marriage partners, residences, social associations, and prestige levels.  social classes are maintained by cultural norms a…
estate system
ascribed stratification characterized by the concentration of economic and political power in the hands of a small minority of political-military elite, with the peasantry ties to the land based on ownership of land, the position one is born into, or military strength. an individual's r…
social class systems
achieved stratification  our social class position is based on the three main factors determining positions in the stratification system: 1) property (wealth), 2) power (control or influence over others), and 3) prestige (one's social recognition, esteem and respect commanded from others…
material culture
objects we can see or touch that are made by humans ex: clothes
nonmaterial culture
invisible and intangible parts of culture; involve the society's rules of behavior, ideas, and beliefs that shape how people interact with others and their environment  comprised of values, beliefs, norms/rules and language
power
max weber ability of people or groups to realize their own will in group action, even against resistance of others who disagree
three power arenas
1. nation-state: attempts to control the behavior of individuals through physical control (police force) or outright coercion (threats and violence) and symbolic control (intimidation and manipulation) 2. ability to influence social life  3. the control of economic resources and product…
religion
provides direction for appropriate and expected behaviors and serves as a form of social control for individuals within that society
symbolic interaction theory
-examines interactions among individuals and groups with the creation and use of symbols (material and nonmaterial such as concepts and ideals, inanimate and animate such as the eagle) that represent shared meanings.  -ex: language, gestures, the national flag, anthems and hymns, religio…
ethnomethodology
symbolic interaction theory how people gain a shared understanding of what they do in everyday life (social actions) study of people's methods
structuration
anthony gibbons (constitution of society) social structures are constantly being created and reproduced, constructed and reconstructed based on the analysis of both structure and agents  ex: constitution, bill of rights, and amendments
complex adaptive system (cas)
basic principle or "rules" of operation and function composed of agents
inanimate agents in a cas
inanimate agents in a cas
social actions
an act which takes into account the actions and reactions of individuals
declaration of independence and revolutionary war
constitutional convention and the writing of the US constitution in 1787; ratified in 1789 did not address existence of slavery george washington was president from 1789 to 1797; died in 1799 at age 67
crossing the delaware river
washington and his army  december 1776 agents: weapons, clothes, weather, food, the river, houses, etc washington and his troops attacked the Hessians in Trenton, NJ on Christmas Day, 1776 won the battle and was a turning point in the war
civil war
erupted in 1861 when confederate attacked fort sumter south carolina was first to form the confederate side after lincoln was elected president in 1860 11 states confederate, 23 states union nevada and west virgina joined union during the war
key technology roles in civil war
railroads and trains, high caliber bullets, bayonets, cannon cotton gin was invented by whitney in 1793, which led to a increase in cotton demand which in contrast resulted in demand for more land and slaves
mayflower
agents: ship, beer/wine, animals, maps, solar energy, people, weather, etc lead to establishment of massachusetts, 13 colonies, the declaration of independence (mayflower compact), formation of constitution (contract between mayflower members), separation of church and state
role of technology
creates socialization evolution: fire, wheel, irrigation, steam engines, electricity, etc lead to industrial goods lead to capitalization lead to two class (working/owners)

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