73 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
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eternal truths exist in the realm of ideas rather than in what we would call the natural, physician world
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idealism
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who advocated idealism
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plato
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was plato an advocate of evolution
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no
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ladder of life where each organism occupies its particular rung
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scala naturae
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who advocated scala naturae
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aristotle
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who was the father of modern taxonomy
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linnaeus
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what is binomial nomenclature
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a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of 2 parts
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attempts to reveal gods plan by studying nature
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natural theology
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father of modern palentology?
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cuvier
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who first documented that extinction takes place?
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cuvier
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evidence for extinction?
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mammoth similar to elephant- old species disappear and new ones appear
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profound change is the cumulative product of slow, continuous processes
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gradualism
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who formulated the theory of gradualism
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hutton
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who was the first biologist to formulate a mechanism by which evolution could work?
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lamark
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what are lamarks 2 principles
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1. use and disuse
2. traits can be passed to offspring. species change by inheritance of acquired traits
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who advocated uniformitarianism?
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lyell
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processes acting now can be used to explain events in the past
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uniformitarianism
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what idea did Darwin owe to Thomas Malthus?
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in nature, plants and animals produce far more offspring than can survive.
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what two people conceived the idea of evolution by natural selection?
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wallace and darwin
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a thing that is indisputably the case
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fact
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proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation
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hypothesis
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what does the term theory mean to a scientist?
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an overarching body of knowledge with great explanatory power
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how is evolution both a fact and a theory?
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overlapping data sets and data from a variety of all fields suggesting the same story but many people still support special creation
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what are the essential ingredients of scientific inquiry?
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1. has to be explanatory by reference to natural law
2. testable against the empirical world
3.conclusions are tentative
4. it is falsifiable
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discovered earth must be old and the idea of fossils and superposition
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steno
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discovered theory of homology and concept of archetype
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owen
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how is artificial selection evidence for evolution?
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people can profoundly change wild organisms in a short period of time
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what evidence in the fossil record documents evolution?
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the pattern of how fossils are deposited, the law of succession, and transitional forms
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what are vestigial structures?
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structures that no longer perform a function (human tail)
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different kinds of homology?
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anatomical-similar bone structure
developmental-species different as adults bear similarities in embryonic stages
molecular-similarities in cells at molecular level/ all living things have DNA
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the pattern of distribution of organisms on earth. Species are typically related to ones nearby
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biogeography
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examples of real time evolution
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1. antibiotic resistance in bacteria
2. insecticide resistance in insects
3. viral evolution
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what idea did darwin get from malthus?
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more offspring produced than can survive- struggle for existence
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what idea did darwin get from lyell and hutton?
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uniformitarianism and gradualism
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differential reproductive success happening at the level of the individual
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natural selection
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at what level does natural selection occur? is it a random process or not?
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individual/ not random
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at what level does evolution occur?
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populations
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the fusion of genetics and darwinian evolution
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modern synthesis
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a group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment
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population
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all genes at the loci in a population
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gene pool
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what are the 3 components of the genetic structure of a population?
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1. allele frequency
2. genotype frequency
3. gene pool
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what assumptions must be met for a population to be in hardy-weinberg equilibrium
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no mutation
no migration
no genetic drift
no selection
no nonrandom mating
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A change in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene
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mutation
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single nucleotide polymphorisms
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point mutation
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frameshift mutation
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insertion or deletion
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changes amino acid to a stop codon
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nonsense
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changes amino acid
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missense mutation
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is mutation by itself an important factor in evolution?
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no
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Differential reproductive success happening at the level of the individual
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natural selection
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is natural selection random?
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no
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what is the outcome of natural selection
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Results in adaptation and leads to increased fitness
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being able to survive and reproduce in a given environment
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adaptation
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Movement of alleles between populations
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migration (gene flow)
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genetic consequences of migration?
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reduces genetic variation between populations
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Any change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due to random chance
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genetic drift
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what size population does genetic drift most commonly occur?
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small populations
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what are two particular kinds of genetic drift?
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bottleneck and founder effect
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What are the two kinds of Nonrandom mating?
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1. Inbreeding
2. Sexual selection
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how does inbreeding affect allele frequency
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increases homozygosity
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how does sexual selection affect allele frequency?
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it will accumulate favorable variation within a population
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matings between relatives
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inbreeding
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What is the consequence of inbreeding on the genetic structure of a population?
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inbreeding depression- loss of fitness
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Relative likelihood that a genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation as compared with other genotypes
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evolutionay fitness
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How is evolutionary fitness measured?
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reproductive success
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What does the process of natural selection do to the average fitness of a population over time?
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increases mean fitness of a population
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Describe the different modes of natural selection
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stabilizing- favors average
directional- favors one extreme
disruptive- favors both extremes
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Individuals in a population differ in their ability to attract mates
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sexual selection
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Why does sexual selection exist (i.e., what are the components of the theory of sexual selection)?
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it targets loci that code for mate choice traits and produces change in allele frequency
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selection Between members of the same sex
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intersexual selection
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selection between members of the opposite sex
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intersexual
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Does natural selection shape perfectly adapted organisms
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no
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why does natural selection not shape perfectly adapted organisms
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Organisms have historical constraints
adaptations are often compromises
not all evolution is adaptive
and natural selection only acts on variation that exists
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is all evolution adaptive
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no
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BIOL 1108: FINAL