68 Cards in this Set
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What are the 5 cannons of Rhetoric?
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1. Invention: topic selection
2. Disposition: organizing ideas
3. Style: language choice
4. Memory: extemporaneous; in between manuscript & conversational; i.e. using notecards w/ few notes
5. Delivery: nonverbal
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MEDIA MOMENT: Treasurer Speech Critique using the 5 cannons of rhetoric
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Invention: why he should be elected treasurer, speech of nomination
Disposition: poorly organized, no climax/cues
Memory: not memorized, lost emotion
Delivery: aggressive motions, pacing, not appropriate eye contact
Style: pausing, incorporation of quotes, repetition
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What are the three main parts of a speech? Describe each one's attributes
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1. Introduction
1. Hook: gain attention
2. Credibility
3. Relevance
4. Thesis
5. Preview
2. Body: the largest part of the presentation, main point (A,B, etc.), transition, repeat
3. Conclusion: review, thesis, & closure
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What is the problem/solution speech pattern?
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a method of organization in which the presenter describes a problem and proposes a solution to that problem; organize main points around problem & then solution
-i.e. main point #1= problem, main point #2: solution
-can be persuasive
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What is an example of an outline using the problem solution speech pattern?
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I. Problem
A. What is the problem?
B. What is the nature of the problem?
-How severe?
-How many impacted?
C. What caused the problem?
D. Example?
II. Solution
A. What is being done to address the problem?
- Who is helping?
- What is being done?
B. Is this strat…
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What are classic symptoms of communication apprehension?
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-sleeplessness, worry, reluctance before you present, and off-task thoughts while you present
-wet palms, dry mouth
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What are symptoms are high communication apprehension?
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-less audience adaptation
-less use of equipment
-no use of speech aid tools
-more difficulty in coming up with information for speeches
-greater self-doubts about their capability as a speaker
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What are the four strategies for managing communication apprehension?
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1. Skills Approach: reducing fear by systematically improving presenting skills (i.e. taking a course in public speaking)
2. Positive Thinking Approach: using positive thoughts to bolster speaker’s confidence (i.e. I have the courage to go upfront)
3. Relaxation Approach: combining deep…
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What are the four modes of delivery?
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1. Extemporaneous method: a carefully prepared and researched presentation delivered in a conversational style
2. Impromptu method: delivery of a presentation without notes, plans, or formal preparation; characterized by spontaneity and conversational language
3. Manuscript method: deli…
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Whats an example that Distinguish between bibliographic references and oral citations?
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Newspaper:
-Bibliographic Reference:
APA: Author (Date). Title. Newspaper. Section.
-Oral Citation: “According to last Friday’s (Newspaper name)…
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Define interpersonal communication
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-include two or more people
-involve people who are interdependent
-individuals use some consistent patterns of interaction
-individuals have generally interacted for some time
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What are the three relational stages?
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1. Relational Development
2. Relational Maintenance
3. Relational Deterioration
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What are the steps of relational development?
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1. Initiating – first impressions, sizing up, finding commonality
2. Experimenting – find out more, share personal info at a safe level: music, people, classes, foods
3. Intensifying – both parties encourage development, active participation
4. Integrating – mirroring each other’s beha…
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What are the steps of relational deterioration?
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1. Differentiating – emphasizing differences instead of their similarities – doing things with other friends that maybe you once did together
-can be healthy when the pulling apart isn’t to escape each other
2. Circumscribing – decreased interaction, avoiding, draw circle around him or …
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Describe the relationship between self-disclosure and relational satisfaction
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Self-Disclosure: the process of making intentional revelations about yourself that others would be unlikely to know and that generally constitute private, sensitive, or confidential information
-through self-disclosure relationships grow in depth and meaning
They have a curvilinear re…
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Describe Social Penetration Theory and explain how it predicts self-disclosure
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It’s like an onion, we have layers of information about ourselves, the outside layer is pretty safe, but as we move into the core, the information gets more sensitive (self-disclosure begins)
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Describe how Mechai Viravaidya (the “Condom King”) tried to change interpersonal communication
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-He uses humor to spread public messages, it puts people at ease about a serious topic
-He uses interpersonal communication to create change by using it to start the conversation
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What is compliance gaining?
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Compliance-gaining: those attempts made by a source of messages to influence a target “to perform some desired behavior that the target otherwise might not perform”
-GROUP 2: Undercover Colors are trying to change the behavior of those using “date rape” drugs
-GROUP 5: Merrit Levian Fou…
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What is compliance resisting?
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the refusal of targets of influence messages to comply with requests
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Define Intercultural Communication
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the exchange of information between individuals who are unalike culturally, between two people
-GROUP 3: The Vermont Refugee Resettlement Program: creates a bridge to the rest of the community
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What are the 3 goals of co-cultural communication?
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Assimilation: the marginalized group attempts to fit in with the dominant group
Accommodation: the marginalized group manages to keep co-cultural identity while striving for positive relationships with the dominant culture
Separation: the marginalized group relates as exclusively as pos…
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What is culture?
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a unique combination of rituals, religious beliefs, ways of thinking, and ways of behaving that unify a group of people; defined by how we interact with each other *
-religious groups, nation-states, people united by a cause
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What is co-culture?
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a group that exists within a larger, dominant culture but differs from the dominant culture in some significant characteristic; within a greater culture there are smaller cultures existing in a community; based on varied criteria, LESS DOMINANT IS KEY (females because they are not equal t…
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Define Individualism
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value individual freedom, choice, uniqueness, and independence (i.e. US)
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Define Collectivistic
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values the group over individual, should not stand out, codependence (i.e. Hong Kong)
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Ex of Individualism vs. Collectivism: citation use
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taught early to use citations in US, to give credit where credit is due, to individual who thought of it first, whereas other countries don’t care because no idea is one persons, all thoughts based off others, product of a lot of people interacting
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Individualism vs. Collectivistic: When a spider web unites it can tie up a lion
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Collectivistic
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Individualism vs. Collectivistic:
God helps those who help themselves
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Individualistic
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Individualisticvs. Collectivism:
Squeaky wheel gets the grease
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Individualistic
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Individualisticvs. Collectivistic:
The ill-mannered child finds a father wherever he goes
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Collectivistic
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Power Distance Index (PDI)
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-High Power Distance: based on power difference in which subordinates defer to superiors (i.e. India, Africa, Brazil)
-Low Power Distance: power should be used when legitimate, power more subtle (i.e. Austria, US, Finland, Denmark)
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High Power vs. Low Power: classrooms
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In US students ask questions during class, can raise hands during class, teacher is available to students, open personally (low power distance) vs. In Singapore, classroom is very different, students do not talk, teacher is all knowing (high power distance)
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High Power vs. Low Power: use of eye contact
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In Mexican-American families had minimal eye contact within children and parents vs. European-American had more eye contact
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Masculinity vs. Femininity
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Masculinity: values aggressiveness, strength, and material symbols of success
Femininity: values tenderness and relationships
Be careful not to attach gender bias!!
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Masculine vs. Feminine: family friendly policies
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feminine culture: both parents get paid to leave after having a child for a year or two
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Masculine vs. Feminine: Beer Ads
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brings people together, more feminine
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Uncertainty Avoidance vs. Acceptance
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Uncertainty Accepting (Tolerance): tolerate ambiguity and diversity
Uncertainty Avoiding: have difficulty with ambiguity and diversity
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EXAMPLE: crisis communication specialist job with either Germany or Great Britain which is more likely to have emergency policies in place?
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-GB more likely to accept
-Germany= avoidance, more likely to have plan in place
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Cultural Competent Communication: PDI: Power Distance Index
In India, told to spread Deet on plants, but you know its bad, so you challenge authority
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-India: 77 (high power), Denmark: 17 (low pdi)
-Indian workers would be appauled that you spoke out in front of group to supervisor
-Danish students will think it makes sense to speak out if person is wrong
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Cultural Competent Communication: IDV=Individualism
Some workers from US & some from Costa Rica, how would you motivate each group?
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-use cultural (country) comparison on Hofstrede website
-look for individualism (US=91, Costa Rica=51, collectivistic)
-Costa Rica: emphasize group projects, wil…
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Define Reflexivity
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being self-aware and learning from interactions with the intent of improving future interactions (assess interactions)
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Define Ethnocentrism
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the belief that your own group or culture is superior to other groups or cultures (you will learn more about the strengths & weaknesses of your own culture by learning more about other cultures)
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Define Stereotyping
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a generalization about some group of people that oversimplifies their culture (avoid making assumptions about another’s cultures, and get to know individuals for themselves)
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Explain Strategies for improving intercultural communication
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-conduct a personal self-assessment
-practice supportive communication behaviors
-develop sensitivity towards diversity
-avoid stereotypes
-avoid ethnocentrism
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Define Small Group Communication
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Interaction among 3-9 people working together to
achieve an interdependent goal
-groups must be small enough that members are mutually aware that the group is a collective entity
-interaction is what holds the group together
-group members are interdependent, they cannot achieve…
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Task Oriented Group
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(secondary groups)
groups formed for the purpose of completing tasks, such as solving problems or making decisions
(i.e. a group of students studying for an exam)
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Relationship Oriented Groups
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(primary groups)
groups that are usually long-term and exist to meet our needs for inclusion and affection
(i.e. your family)
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Assigned Groups
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groups that evolve out of a hierarchy whereby individuals are assigned membership to the group
(i.e. being asked to serve on a student union advisory)
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Emergent Groups
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groups resulting from environmental conditions leading to the formation of a cohesive group of individuals
(i.e. a group of friends who meet at college)
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3 Perspective on Leadership
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1. “Good Leaders are Born”
2. “Best Style” Leaders
• Autocratic: uses authority to make decisions
• Democratic: authority is shared
• Laissez-faire: "hands-off“ & group makes decisions
• Abdacratic: No one exercises leadership
3. “Contextual” Leaders
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3 behavioral functions of group members
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Task Functions, Maintenance Functions & Self-Centered Functions
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Task Functions
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behaviors that are directly relevant to the group’s task ad that affect the group’s productivity, purpose is to focus group members productively on their assignment
-Initiator: presents new ideas
-Information Seeker & Giver: seek and share facts
-Opinion Seeker and Giver: seek and sha…
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Maintenance Functions
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behaviors that focus on the interpersonal relationships among group member, aimed at supporting cooperative and harmonious relationships
1. Encourager: provides positive reinforcement
2. Harmonizer: mediates
3. Compromiser: cooperates to resolve conflict
4. Gatekeeper: kee…
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Self-Centered Functions
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behaviors that serve the needs of the individual at the expense of the group; used to manipulate other group members for selfish goals (i.e. “I don’t care what the groups needs, I want..”)
1. Aggressor: expresses negativity
2. Blocker: constantly disagreeable
3. Recognition Se…
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Role of Group Conflict
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-an expressed struggle between two or more members of a group
-too much conflict may result in decreased group cohesiveness & could cause group to cease functioning
-to manage: group members must be ethical in the way they approach disagreement & be willing to listen and compromise
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Define Social Loafing
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a social phenomena whereby the presence of others results in a reduction of individual effort.
-Ex: A group of men were asked to pull on a rope, they each pulled less hard than when pulling alone
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What is the relationship between group size and individual effort?
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Inverse
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Describe the communication strategies for preventing and discouraging social loafing
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• Clearly Define Expectations
• Make Individual work visible to all members.
• Perception Check
1. Observation
2. Possible Interpretations
3. Question
• Set up Member Evaluation
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Describe the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ handbook
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-measures labor market activity, working conditions, and price changes in the economy
-collect, analyze, & disseminate essential economic information to support public and private decision-making
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Median Pay
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The wage at which half of the workers in the occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less
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Entry-Level Education
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Typical level of education that most workers need to enter this occupation
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Work-Experience
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commonly considered necessary by employers, or is a commonly accepted substitute for more formal types of training or education
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On Job Training
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Additional training needed (postemployment) to attain competency in the skills needed in this occupation
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Number of Jobs
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The employment, or size, of this occupation
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The employment, or size, of this occupation
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The projected percent change in employment
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Employment Change
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The projected numeric change in employment
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What did Eric say the most important communication skills for a development officer include?
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-Interpersonal Relationships: important to develop communication and gain incentive for people to help
-listening is key to sales
-networking
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Groupthink
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an unintended outcome of cohesion in which the desire for cohesion and agreement takes precedence over critical analysis and discussion
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CDAE 024:Exam 2