CDAE 024 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures 11-15Chapter 12: Public Speaking-Organizing Ideas5 Categories of Speech1. Invention- topic selection 2. Disposition- organizing ideas3. Memory- extemporaneous 4. Delivery- nonverbal5. Style- language choiceAll speeches have an introduction, body, and conclusionIntroductionI. HookII. Credibility III. RelevanceIV. ThesisV. PreviewBodyI. Main point 1a.b.TransitionII. Main point 2a.b. BConclusionI. ReviewII. ThesisPrinciples of Outlining- Principle 1: Link outline to purposeo Immediate purpose=what you expect to achieve on the day of your presentationo Long term purpose= what you expect to achieve by your message in the days, months, or years ahead- Principle 2: Your outline is an abstract of the message you will delivero Less than every word you will speako Include important points and supporting materialso 1/3 length of actual speech- Principle 3: Each outline part is a single idea- Principle 4: Your outline symbols signal importanceo Main points indicated by roman numeralso Subpoints indicated by letters- Principle 5: Your outline margins signal importanceo Main points have same left margino Subpoints have slightly larger left margino Sub sub points have a larger oneo The larger the margin on the left, the less important the item- Principle 6: Use parallel formo Consistent use of complete sentences, clauses, phrases, or words in an outlineProblem-Solution PatternI. Problema. What is the problem?b. What is the nature of the problemi. How severe?ii. How many impacted?c. What caused the problem?d. ExampleII. Solutiona. What is being done to address the problem? i. Who is helping?ii. What is being done?b. Is this strategy helping to alleviate the problem?c. ExampleEnhancing Speech• Use your voice effectively• Maintain eye contact• Incorporate gestures and facial expressions• Use visual aidsChapter 13: Public Speaking-Delivery and Visual ResourcesDelivery- the presentation of a speech using your voice and body to communicate your message4 Modes of Delivery1. The Extemporaneous Method- A carefully prepared and researched presentation delivered in a conversational style2. The Impromptu Method- Delivery of a presentation without notes, plans, or formal preparation; characterized by spontaneity and conversational language3. The Manuscript Method- Delivery of a presentation from a script of the entire speech4. The Memorized Method- Delivering a presentation that has been committed to memoryPublic Speakers use/Think About- Audience participation- Eye contact- “Hooks”- Transitions- Timing/delivery- Good conclusion: brakelight, summary, what audience should do & specific action- ClothingVocal Aspects of Presentation- Pitch- the highness or lowness of the speakers voice- Rate-the speed at which a speech is delivered, normally between 125-190 words per minute- Pause- the absence of vocal sound for dramatic effect, transition, or emphasis- Vocalized pauses- breaks in fluency that negatively affect an audiences perception of thespeakers competence and dynamism- Enunciation- the pronunciation and articulation of sounds and words- Pronunciation- the act of correctly articulating words- Fluency- the smoothness of delivery, the flow of words, and the absence of vocalized pauses- Vocal variety- vocal quality, intonation patterns, inflections of pitch, and syllabic durationPhysical Aspects of Presentation - Gestures- movements of the head, arms, and hands to illustrate, emphasize, or signal ideas in a presentation- Facial expressions- any nonverbal cues expressed by the speakers face- Eye contact- the extent to which a speaker looks directly at the audience- Bodily movement- what the speaker does with his or her entire body during a presentationCommunication apprehension- an individual’s level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or personsStrategies to Manage Communication Apprehension- Skills approach- reducing fear by systematically improving presenting skills- Positive thinking approach- using positive thoughts to bolster speaker confidence- Visualization approach- picturing yourself succeeding- Relaxation approach- combining deep relaxation with fear inducing thoughts- Self managed approach- reducing the fear of presenting with self diagnosis and a variety of therapiesChapter 5: Listening and Critical ThinkingHearing- The act of receiving soundListening- The active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages. It involves the ability to retain information, as well as to react empathically and/or appreciatively to spoken and/or nonverbal messages- Empathetic listening- listening with a purpose and attempting to understand the other person- Active listening- involved listening with the other person- Critical listening- listening that challenges the speakers message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility - Listening for enjoyment- situation involving relaxing, fun, or emotionally stimulating informationEffective Listening in Classroom1. Find areas of interest in what you are listening to2. Remain open3. Work at listening4. Avoid letting distractions distract5. Listen for and note main ideasEffective Nonverbal Communication1. Demonstrate bodily responsiveness2. Lean forward3. Use direct body orientation4. Maintain relaxed but alert position5. Establish an open body position6. Use positive, responsive facial expressions and head movement7. Establish direct eye contactBarriers to ListeningNoise- Physical distractions- All of the stimuli in the environment that keep you from focusing on the message- Mental distractions- The wandering of the mind when it is supposed to be focusing on something- Multitasking- Trying to do two or more tasks simultaneously- Factual distractions- Focusing so intently on details that you miss the main point- Semantic distraction- Over responding to an emotion laden word or conceptPerception of Others- Status- Devoting attention based on the social standing, rank, or perceived value of another- Stereotypes- Treating individuals as if they were the same as others in a given category- Sights and sounds- Letting appearances or voice qualities affect your listeningYourself- Egocentrism- Excessive self focus, or seeing yourself as the central concern in every conversation- Defensiveness- Acting threatened and feeling as though you must defend what you have said or done- Experimental