CDAE 024 1st Edition Lecture 15 Listening - Hearingo “The act of receiving sound” - Listeningo “The active process of receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages. It involves the ability to retain information, as well as to react empathically and/or appreciatively to spoken and/or nonverbal messages”4 Types of Listening1. Active (purposeful)- Involved listening with a purpose2. Empathetic (relational)- Listening with a purpose and attempting to understand the other person3. Critical (evaluative)- Listening that challenges the speakers message by evaluating its accuracy, meaningfulness, and utility4. Enjoyment (pleasurable)- Situation involving relaxing, fun, or emotionally stimulating informationAttention- Selective attention- the sustained focus we give to stimuli we deem important- Automatic attention- the instinctive focus we give to stimuli signaling a change in our surroundings, stimuli that we deem important, or stimuli that we perceive to signal dangerMemory- Short term memory- a temporary storage place for information- Long term memory- our permanent storage place for information, including but not limited to past experiences; language; values; knowledge; images of people; memories of sights, sounds, and smells; and even fantasies- Schema- organizational “filing system” for thoughts held in long-term memoryBarriers to ListeningThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Noise- Physical distractions- Mental distractions- Factual - Semantic2. Perception of others- Status- Stereotypes- Sights and sounds3. Yourself- Egocentrism- Defensiveness- Experiential superiority- Personal bias- PseudolisteningHow Can You Become a Better Listener?- Avoid “multi-tasking”- Suspend quick judgments- Be Quiet. Allow for silence- Encourage communication - Demonstrate responsiveness – non-verbal communication- Ask clarifying questions – perceptual checkingCritical Thinking- Involves analyzing the speaker, the situation, and the speaker’s ideas to make critical judgments about the message being presentedPhases of Critical Thinking- Observe message- Consider message source and context- Evaluate message- Imagine, research, & test alternatives- Finally…Contribute!Critical Thinking Strategies1. Analyze the situation- All messages occur within a context.- Identifying possible influences of context2. Analyze the source3. Analyze the argument- Identify the purpose and main points- Consider alternative arguments- Identify faulty reasoning, including…o Hasty generalizationo Either-or argument o Name calling/ flattery- Distinguish between observations and inferences4. Analyze the evidence- Identify and evaluate supporting