POLS 051:Final Exam
28 Cards in this Set
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Definition of International Relations
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Collective interactions of actors in the international community
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Actors in International Relations
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-Nation-states
-Nongovernmental organizations (NGO)
-Intergovernmental Organization (IGO)
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Collective Action problems and how to overcome it
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-Free riding on public goods: utilize dominance over a lesser power/organization; pressure others to comply; promise reciprocity; appeal to a state's interest
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Mercantalist Era
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-3200
-Goal: to expend wealth, to increase the wealth of the nation because armies are expensive
-Political stability and military power
-Access to foreign markets; attempt monopolies
-Expansion to gain more tax revenue and for general survival
-Government control economy
-Mass cons…
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Pax Britannica
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-3714
-Industrial revolution and free trade
-Dominance of British Navy
-Convergent interests (common interest in suppressing the masses and to maintain their power. Masses wanted democracy and the monarchies wanted to maintain rule)
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Thirty-Year Crisis
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-European change in power balance
-Germany rose as a power and many countries feared its expansion and dominance
-War ended with the Treaty of Versailles (1919): peace treaty between the allies and Germany
-League of Nations: A permanent international security organization formed in th…
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The Cold War
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-Decolonization 1945-1975 -US and USSR compete over loyalty of new states
-International order divided into communist and capitalist parts
-NATO brought together North America and most of Western Europe in a collective military institution against the Soviet Union and its allies
-GATT,…
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Post Cold War
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-Cross-border trade and investment increased substantially (RTA and NAFTA)
-Globalization
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Democratic Peace Theory
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-Democracies are less likely to escalate disputes against other democracies than are states that have other types of political systems
-Great disparities in power sharply discourage the expression of diplomatic disputes in any militarized form
-Democracies are just as war prone as non-d…
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Explanation of how globalization leads to new wars
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-Local and ethnic identities are weakening in favor of larger national, regional, or universal identities
-Capitalism and liberal democracy as the homogenizing agents
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How greed leads to civil war
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-Economic motivation for fighting: capture and control rival's endowment; obtain political control
-Extortion of national resources (Lootable resources, illicit drugs, obstructable resources)
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How grievance leads to civil war
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-Cultural differences do not lead to conflict unless there's some major trigger
-A major grievance that leads to inequality (political, economic, social, cultural status)
-Conflict especially likely when BOTH political and economic inequality are high
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Different civilization
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-Western
-Confucian
-Japanese
-Islamic
-Hindu
-Slavic-Orthodox
-Latin American
-African
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Civilization Rallying
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-States in groups belonging to one civilization that become involved in war with people from a different civilization naturally try to rally support from other members of their own civilization
-Kin-Country Syndrome: replacing political ideology and traditional balance of power considera…
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Reasons for clashes between different civilizations
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-World becoming smaller
-Interactions leading to civilization consciousness (difference between "us" and "them")
-Modernization separating people from long-standing traditions/cultures
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Purpose of United Nations
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-Replacement for the ineffective League of Nations
-Mission to preserve world peace
-Human rights
-Economic development and humanitarian assistance
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Structure of United Nations
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-General Assembly (main deliberative assembly): 1 president, 21 vice-presidents rotating elections
-2/3rds majority vote required
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International Court of Justice (ICJ)
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-1946
-Highest court adjudicates disputes between states
-Rulings final but not enforced
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Unilateral/ Self-Enforcement
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-Most agreements self-enforcing because of benefits (no interest in violating)
-Powerful states: diplomatic pressures; economic sanctions; force
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Responsibility to protect
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-State has responsibility to protect
-International community can assist
-If state fails to protect its population or is perpetrator of crime, then intervention including force through SC
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Why do states commit to Human Rights Treaties
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-Domestic enforcement (direct): democratic countries more likely to sign because already practicing human rights. Non-democracies less likely to sign because it involves a major adjustment
-Collateral consequences (indirect): regional agreements; foreign aid; loans from IMF
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History of IMF and WB
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-Formed to ensure countries had stable currencies for the purpose of trade
-Fixed exchange rate as the US dollar was pegged against gold (1944-1971)
-Created for the wealthier developed countries of the 1940s/50s to reconstruct Europe and countries ravaged by war
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WB and IMF funding
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-WB: each member quota; selling bonds
-IMF: each member quota
-WB very stable and reliable system so bonds are garenteed that the return and interest rate will be paid in full when it's time to cash in
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WB and IMF voting
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-The more votes a nation has, the more funding they are required to contribute
-Vote number based off of GDP, economic diversity
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Reasons why countries need loans
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-Desire to modernize/develop
-Bad shock (nature; tourism sector can be badly affected by natural disasters; dramatic economic shocks to a sector of the nation's markets)
-Bad policies (balance of payment problems)
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Why IMF attaches conditions to loans
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-Ensure there's a guarantee that a loan will be repaid
-Gives them a recolonization mechanism without using blatant forms of colonization
-Government might not try to avoid crisis or create provisions to overcome crisis
-Countries can't produce collateral like an individual can with a …
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History of the development of European Union
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-Devastating effects of WWI and WWII caused people to turn to the idea of a unified Europe
-Wanted to ensure anything similar to these wars would be avoided in the future
-Work towards integrating Europe's steel and coal industries
-European parliament and council of ministers
-1993-…
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Why Greek economic crisis is important to the United States
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-Greece might default on $420bn in sovereign debt to US
-Raise the potential for other struggling European economies to fall and cause a potential for major shock to the European banking system which would strengthen the dollar (leaving investors at a disadvantage)
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POLS 051:Final Exam