Study Guide: Final Exam
27 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
3 Overlapping sources exist according to Burke:
|
Material Identification-results from goods, possesions, etc.
Idealistic Identification- results from shared ideas, attitudes, feelings, and values.
Formal Identification: results from arrangement, form, and organization.
|
|
Berger suggests we get information from others in a variety of ways:
|
Passive strategies- are observational.
Active strategies- require the observer to work to get information in such a way as asking other people, arranging to go to a place you know that person will be.
Interactive strategies- rely directly on communication with the other person.
|
|
Burke observes that communicators develop strategies such as:
|
Interactive strategies- rely directly on communication with the other person.
Strategies of naming: invovle the use of language to describe something in a way that endangers identification or division.
Strategies of form: involve particular methods or means of expression including for…
|
|
COMMUNICATION ACCOMMODATION THEORY-Howard Giles
|
This theory is one of the most influential behavioral theories of communication. Accommodation theory explains how and why we adjust our communication behaviors to the actions of others.
|
|
Convergence
|
Means coming together
|
|
CULTIVATION THEORY-George Gerdner
|
in the socio-psychological tradition. It is ONE OF THE MOST CONTROVERSIAL THEORIES IN MASS COMMUNICATIONS. Gerdner claims that if people watch a lot of television, they would see the world as a harmful, dangerous place full of violence. BY the time a person graduates from high school, the…
|
|
Divergence
|
means moving apart. It happens when speakers begin to exaggerate their differences.
|
|
Expectancy violations theory predicts:
|
that ambiguous behavior by a values communicator will be taken positive, but such behavior by an unrewarding communicator will be taken a negative.
|
|
EXPECTANCY VIOLATIONS THEORY- Judee Burgoon
|
According to this theory, we all have expectations about the behavior of another person based on social norms as well as on our previous experience with the other person and the situation in which behavior occurs.
|
|
Face
|
Refers to one's self image in the presence of others.
|
|
FACE NEGOTIATION THEORY-Stella Ting-Toomey
|
Provides a basis for predicting how people will accomplish facework in different cultures.
|
|
Facework
|
is the communication behaviors people use to build and protect their own face and to protect, build, or threaten the face of another person.
|
|
GUILT according to Burke.
|
This term is Burke's all-purpose word for any feeling of tension within a person such as anxiety, embarrassment, self-hatred, disgust, etc.
|
|
John Searle (Speech act theory) outlines five types of illocutionary acts:
|
Assertives: a statement that commits the speaker to advocate the truth of a proposition.
Directives: illocutions that attempt to get the listener to do something.
Commissives: commit the speaker to a future act.
Expressives: acts that communicate some aspect of the speaker's psychologi…
|
|
Mark Knapp- 5 Stages of coming apart
|
1. Differentiating: you begin to realize you don't know that much about each other.
2. Circumscribing: When you carefully control what you communicate about.
• Silence
• Verbal communication
• Silence
3. Stagnating stage: considered the worst stage of coming apart.
4. Avoiding: you …
|
|
Mark Knapp- 5 Stages of coming together
|
1. Initiating
2. Experimenting
3. Intensifying
4. Integrating
5. Bonding
|
|
Preventive Facework:
|
involves communication designed to protect a person from feelings that threaten personal or group face.
|
|
RELATIONAL PATTERNS OF INTERACTION-Gregory Bateson and Paul Watzlawick
|
The study of how communication scholars approach the study of relationships. These theorists founded the Mental Research Institute based in Palo Alto, CA.
|
|
Restorative facework:
|
is designed to rebuild one's face after loss has already occurred.
|
|
SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY (onion theory)- Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor
|
The term used to identify the process of increasing disclosure and intimacy within a relationship. It is foundational to the relationship theory.
|
|
SPEECH ACT THEORY-John Searle
|
If you make a promise, you communicate an intention to do something in the future and you expect the other communicator to recognize that intention.
|
|
SYMBOLIC CONVERGENCE THEORY- Ernest Bormann, John Cragan, and Donald Shields
|
Often known as the fantasy-theme analysis deals with how individuals in groups come to a shared reality through communication.
|
|
THEORY OF IDENTIFICATION- Kenneth Burke
|
Kenneth Burke. He begins with the distinction between action and motion. Action consists of purposeful, voluntary behaviors. Motions are nonpurposeful, nonmeaningful one's. Objects and animals possess motion but only human beings have action. Burke views the individual as a biological and…
|
|
There are 3 reasons for GUILT:
|
Negative: Through language, people moralize by constructing myriad rules and proscriptions. These rules are never entirely consistent.
Principle of perfection: People are sensitive to their feelings. Humans can imagine through language, a state of perfection.
Principle of hierarchy:…
|
|
Two primary variables seem to affect facework-
|
*Individualism-collectivism
*Power distance
|
|
Types of uncertainty:
|
Predictive uncertainty- you would want to know what to expect from this person's behavior.
Explanatory uncertainty- to better understand the other persons behavior.
|
|
UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY-Charles Berger, William Gudykunst, and their colleagues.
|
This theory addresses the basic process of how we gain knowledge about other people.When we encounter a stranger, we may have a strong desire to reduce uncertainty about this person, to simply know more about him or her.
|
Study Guide: Final Exam