HIST 1023: EXAM 5
31 Cards in this Set
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WWI: War and Revolution
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Distinctive by trench warfare
Always in combat
Have trouble adjusting to civilian life
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Cause of WWI
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Assassination of (Austria-Hungary) Archduke Francis Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist
June 28, 1914
Austria-Hungary does not support nationalism
Want to expand Serbian border (Slavic)
Russia/"big brother"
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Bismarck/ Alliances
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Germany is a satisfied power
Key power = Germany, German Empire
Germany wants to isolate France so France doesn't have any allies
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William II
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German Kaiser (1890)
Makes it so France is not isolated
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Triple Alliance
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Germany, Italy, Austria-Hungary
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Triple Entente
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Britain, France, and Russia
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Balkans Power Keg of Europe
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Nationalism: slavic groups in Austrian Empire
Russia is the greater power
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World War I Fundamental Causes
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Alliance System
Nationalism
Militarism
Imperialism
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Assassination
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Gavrillo Princip killed Archduke Ferdinand
Black hand: killed suddenly and secretly
Austrians get a "blank check"
Germany has to fight a two-front war
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August Madness 1914
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Beginning of WWI
People were anticipating the war
A sense of unity/nationalism
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Schlieffen Plan
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two-front war with Russia and France
Want to concentrate on France, knock them out quickly, then deal with Russia
Plan fails (worked on for 15 years)
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Battle of the Marne (1914)
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River in France, near Paris
Most important battle of WWI
French stopped Germans, started trench warfare
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Trench Warfare
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Machine guns/artillery
Dug trenches from coast to Switzerland
Zig-Zagged to keep isolated
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Psychological Impact
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shell-shock/traumatic stress disorder
Storm Troopers: heroic, no issue with war
"Storm of Steel" - Ernst Juenger
written without emotion
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1916
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Siege of Verdun in France attacked by Germans
Battle of the Somme; British/Germans
UK loses 20,000 men first day
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Technological Inventions
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Submarine
"U-Boat" (German term)
Germans try to blockade UK and France
Sink many ships, kill many American civilians
Brings America into the war
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US Enters War
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May 7, 1915: sinking of Lusitania
Americans are furious
January 1917: Germany resumes unrestricted sub warfare
April 1917: US declares war against Germany
Before this America was an isolationist country. Did not want to get involved with Europeans.
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Final Events of WWI
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 1918):
Knocks Russians out of the ar
Germans want to make peace
Germans outnumber allies, advantage
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Second Battle of the Marne (July 1918)
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Near Paris
Americans tip the balance
Germans lose, mostly fought by Americans
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November 1918
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Kaiser steps down
Armistice signed
Germans give up their weapons
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Woodrow Wilson
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Idealistic US President
January 1918: delivers 'Fourteen Points' speech
Freedom of the Seas (trade)
wants to reduce number of armed forces
Self determination: break up empires, creates new nations
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General Association of Nations
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international organization
League of Nations
willing to make a compromise to end future wars
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Big Three at Versailles
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David Lloyd George wants Germany to be rebuilt
Georges Clemenceau wants to cripple Germany
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Treaty of Versailles (1919)
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Germans are not allowed to attend
France regained Alsace and Lorraine
German army of 100,000
Rhineland demilitarized
launching pad to invade France
Benefits the French
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Article 231
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Guilt Clause: Germany started war
Economically cripples Germany
Reparations
League of Nations: want to stop future wars
US Senate does not ratify, US not a part of LON
WWI comes tom failure of League of Nations
solved by United Nations (US joined)
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Ottoman Empire dismembered
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Modern day Turkey
France: Syria (Israel), Lebanon
Britain: Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq
Mandates (not colonies)
a form of imperialism
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1917
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Arthur Balfour: British diplomat
writes Balfour Declaration to Jewish in Palestine
sympathetic for establishing a homeland for the Jews
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Why did Germany object to the Treaty?
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Dictated peace
Felt treaty violated the Fourteen Points
Disarmament: not fair to Germans
War Guilt Clause (Article 231)
Reparations crippled Germany
Verdict: bad for Germans, good for everyone else
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Russian Revolution 1917
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Two Revolutions:
March Revolution
Bolshevik Revolution (November)
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Romanov Dynasty
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Tsar Nicholas II married to German princess Alexandra
poor leadership, poorly equipped
Tsar and Alexandra have 5 girls before son Alexis
Alexis: has a disease
Rasputin: heals Alexis, gains power, has relations with Alexandra
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Provisional Government (March 1917)
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sets stage for communists + Lenin rule
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HIST 1023: EXAM 4