BIOL 1010: TEST 1
54 Cards in this Set
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Name the 8 characteristics of life
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Order
metabolism mobility responsiveness reproduction development heredity evolution adaptation
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Hierarchy of Classification
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Domain
Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Species
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Name the 3 domains
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Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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Bacteria
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The bacteria are a large group of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms.
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Archaea
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The Archaea are a group of single-celled microorganisms.
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Eukarya
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A eukaryote ( or ) is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. CONTAIN a nucleus
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Prokaryote
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The prokaryotes ( or ) are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles.
Single celled domains- BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA are prokaryote porkaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells
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Eukaryote
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A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. HAS NUCLEUS.
Single-celled and mulitcelled life in Domain Eucarya
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Eukaryote Kingdoms
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Protists
Animals Plants Funji
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Organ Systems
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In biology, a Biological system (or Organ system) is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. Common systems, such as those present in mammals and other animals, seen in human anatomy, are those such as the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the nervous sys…
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Organ
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A stucture consisting of two or more tissues that performs specialized functions within an organism.
-made up of tissue
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Tissue
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A group of similar cells that carries our a particular function in an organism
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Cell
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The cell is the functional basic unit of life, simplest entity that has all the properties of life.
made up of Organelles
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Organelle
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an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.
Made up of molecules
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Molecule
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A cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds
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Organism
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an individual, independent living entity
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Population
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A group of individuals of a particular organism that inhabits a given region and interbreeds
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Community
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Various living organisms that interact in a given region
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Ecosystem
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a living community and its physical enviornment
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Hierarchy of life
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Ecosystem
Community Population Organsim Organ System Organ Tissue Cell Molecule
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Responsiveness
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organisms are able to respond to changes in their enviornment including temperature, food, water, enemies, mares, or other elements.
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Reproduction
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Reproduction is the biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents".
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Asexual reproduction
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A single parent produces off-springg identical to it and each other
ADVANTAGES: no mate DISADVANTAGES: no variation, no adaptation, need a stable enviornment (unfavorable conditions can wipe out entire colonies), evolution is slow
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Sexual Reproduction
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Sexual reproduction is characterized by processes that pass a combination of genetic material to offspring, resulting in increased genetic diversity.
ADVANTAGES: Genetic Variation, evolution is faster DISADVATANGES: Find a mate
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Heredity
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transmission of genetic characters from parent to offspring.
(must contain variation)
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Genes
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A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. (made up of DNA)
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DNA
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(DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms with the exception of some viruses.
Important because DNA creates VARIATION: neccesary for species to adapt and evolve new mechanisms or helpful alteratio…
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Natural selection
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Natural selection is the process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers.
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adaptation
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Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat.
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Metabolism
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Using energy and chemical compounds to sustain growth, development, and life.
-helps maintain function and repair damage -water may be required for metabolism (why we look at mars)
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Mobility
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using energy to move
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Responsiveness
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reacting to outside stimuli
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Evolution
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Evolution (also known as biological, genetic or organic evolution) is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations.
'unifying theme of life"
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Diversity (evolution)
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huge variety of forms, shapes, and styles of life. 50 million species live in different habitats.
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Unity (evolution)
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All life came from a common ancestor, have the same form of genetic material (DNA, RNA), has the same basic structures and functions.
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Theory
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a general principle about the natural world.
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Scientific Method
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Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
-observation, hypothesis, prediction, test prediction, conclusion
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Plasmodium Falciparum
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protozoan that causes malaria. Enters human red blood cells and chews up millions of molecules of the protein hemoglobin, causing severe anemia and other problems.
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Bioremediation
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bacteria can breakdown oil/petroleum
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Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane
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The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment..
In a prokaryotic cells, plasma membrane carry out specific roles: -cellular respiration -photosynthesis
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Prokaryotic Cell Wall
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The cell wall is the tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells.
Protective covering Bacteria: wall made up of sugar and protein complex- peptidoglycan Archaea: wall made from proteins polysaccharides and glycoproteins
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Ribosomes
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Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids. Read DNA and build protiens
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Gram Stain
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allows researchers to easily classify new bacteria species and begin treatment.
gram-positive and gram-negative respond to different anti-biotics
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Gram-positive
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Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining.
-single broad layer of complex
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Gram-negative
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Gram-negative bacteria are those bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol. Stains light red. Complex covered by an outer sheet
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Autotrophs
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produce their own food, do not need to take in outside resources other than energy source.
-photoautotrophs: energy from the sun -Chemo" ": energy from chemical molecules
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heterotrophs
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take in food from external sources
Saprobes- decomposers, live on dead/dying things symbionts:organisms that live together Prokaryotes: can be parasite or beneficial
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thermophiles
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A thermophile is an organism - a type of extremophile - that at relatively high temperatures, between 45 and 80C (113 and 176F).
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halophiles
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Halophiles are extremophile organisms that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt.
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Binary Fission
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Binary fission, or prokaryotic fission, is the form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes.
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Genetic Recombination
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Genetic recombination- some exhange of genetic material is possible, though not true sexual reproduction
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Conjugation
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a connection between cells where genetic material is passed
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transduction
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viruses pick up gene copies and spread them when infecting new organisms
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transformation
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direct uptake of DNA from environment- how early DNA research/studies moved genes and studied effects
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BIOL 1010: TEST 1