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BIOL 1010: TEST 1
Name the 8 characteristics of life |
Order
metabolism mobility responsiveness reproduction development heredity evolution adaptation
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Hierarchy of Classification |
Domain
Kingdom Phyla Class Order Family Genus Species
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Name the 3 domains |
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
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Bacteria |
The bacteria are a large group of single-celled, prokaryote microorganisms.
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Archaea |
The Archaea are a group of single-celled microorganisms.
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Eukarya |
A eukaryote ( or ) is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. CONTAIN a nucleus
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Prokaryote |
The prokaryotes ( or ) are a group of organisms that lack a cell nucleus (= karyon), or any other membrane-bound organelles.
Single celled domains- BACTERIA AND ARCHAEA are prokaryote porkaryotic cells are smaller than eukaryotic cells
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Eukaryote |
A eukaryote is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. HAS NUCLEUS.
Single-celled and mulitcelled life in Domain Eucarya
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Eukaryote Kingdoms |
Protists
Animals Plants Funji
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Organ Systems |
In biology, a Biological system (or Organ system) is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. Common systems, such as those present in mammals and other animals, seen in human anatomy, are those such as the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the nervous system, etc.
-Made up of organs
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Organ |
A stucture consisting of two or more tissues that performs specialized functions within an organism.
-made up of tissue
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Tissue |
A group of similar cells that carries our a particular function in an organism
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Cell |
The cell is the functional basic unit of life, simplest entity that has all the properties of life.
made up of Organelles
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Organelle |
an organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer.
Made up of molecules
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Molecule |
A cluster of atoms held together by chemical bonds
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Organism |
an individual, independent living entity
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Population |
A group of individuals of a particular organism that inhabits a given region and interbreeds
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Community |
Various living organisms that interact in a given region
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Ecosystem |
a living community and its physical enviornment
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Hierarchy of life |
Ecosystem
Community Population Organsim Organ System Organ Tissue Cell Molecule
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Responsiveness |
organisms are able to respond to changes in their enviornment including temperature, food, water, enemies, mares, or other elements.
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Reproduction |
Reproduction is the biological process by which new "offspring" individual organisms are produced from their "parents".
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Asexual reproduction |
A single parent produces off-springg identical to it and each other
ADVANTAGES: no mate DISADVANTAGES: no variation, no adaptation, need a stable enviornment (unfavorable conditions can wipe out entire colonies), evolution is slow
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Sexual Reproduction |
Sexual reproduction is characterized by processes that pass a combination of genetic material to offspring, resulting in increased genetic diversity.
ADVANTAGES: Genetic Variation, evolution is faster DISADVATANGES: Find a mate
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Heredity |
transmission of genetic characters from parent to offspring.
(must contain variation)
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Genes |
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. (made up of DNA)
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DNA |
(DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms with the exception of some viruses.
Important because DNA creates VARIATION: neccesary for species to adapt and evolve new mechanisms or helpful alterations. -important for evolution
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Natural selection |
Natural selection is the process by which traits become more or less common in a population due to consistent effects upon the survival or reproduction of their bearers.
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adaptation |
Adaptation is the evolutionary process whereby a population becomes better suited to its habitat.
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Metabolism |
Using energy and chemical compounds to sustain growth, development, and life.
-helps maintain function and repair damage -water may be required for metabolism (why we look at mars)
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Mobility |
using energy to move
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Responsiveness |
reacting to outside stimuli
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Evolution |
Evolution (also known as biological, genetic or organic evolution) is the change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations.
'unifying theme of life"
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Diversity (evolution) |
huge variety of forms, shapes, and styles of life. 50 million species live in different habitats.
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Unity (evolution) |
All life came from a common ancestor, have the same form of genetic material (DNA, RNA), has the same basic structures and functions.
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Theory |
a general principle about the natural world.
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Scientific Method |
Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
-observation, hypothesis, prediction, test prediction, conclusion
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Plasmodium Falciparum |
protozoan that causes malaria. Enters human red blood cells and chews up millions of molecules of the protein hemoglobin, causing severe anemia and other problems.
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Bioremediation |
bacteria can breakdown oil/petroleum
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Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane |
The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment..
In a prokaryotic cells, plasma membrane carry out specific roles: -cellular respiration -photosynthesis
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Prokaryotic Cell Wall |
The cell wall is the tough, usually flexible but sometimes fairly rigid layer that surrounds some types of cells.
Protective covering Bacteria: wall made up of sugar and protein complex- peptidoglycan Archaea: wall made from proteins polysaccharides and glycoproteins
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Ribosomes |
Ribosomes are the components of cells that make proteins from all amino acids. Read DNA and build protiens
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Gram Stain |
allows researchers to easily classify new bacteria species and begin treatment.
gram-positive and gram-negative respond to different anti-biotics
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Gram-positive |
Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining.
-single broad layer of complex
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Gram-negative |
Gram-negative bacteria are those bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol. Stains light red. Complex covered by an outer sheet
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Autotrophs |
produce their own food, do not need to take in outside resources other than energy source.
-photoautotrophs: energy from the sun -Chemo" ": energy from chemical molecules
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heterotrophs |
take in food from external sources
Saprobes- decomposers, live on dead/dying things symbionts:organisms that live together Prokaryotes: can be parasite or beneficial
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thermophiles |
A thermophile is an organism - a type of extremophile - that at relatively high temperatures, between 45 and 80C (113 and 176F).
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halophiles |
Halophiles are extremophile organisms that thrive in environments with very high concentrations of salt.
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Binary Fission |
Binary fission, or prokaryotic fission, is the form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotes.
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Genetic Recombination |
Genetic recombination- some exhange of genetic material is possible, though not true sexual reproduction
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Conjugation |
a connection between cells where genetic material is passed
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transduction |
viruses pick up gene copies and spread them when infecting new organisms
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transformation |
direct uptake of DNA from environment- how early DNA research/studies moved genes and studied effects
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