142 Cards in this Set
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In LTM how do we most remember verbal information?
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the gist/meaning rather than the exact wording
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In LTM how do we store visual spacial information?
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- stored as visual elements
-or as visual images
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T/F an image that is rotated 180 degrees is the hardest to identify whether it is mirrored or not?
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True: at 180 degrees recognizing an image as mirrored or not takes the most time
- proof that subjects rotate the image before matching it to the image in their LTM
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What does it mean if you have eidetic imagery?
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you are able to look at a photo for a brief moment and remember it for long periods and very detailed
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what is the theory of there being prototypes?
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picture like representation of a typical or average member of a category
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What did rosch spend his time researching?
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prototypes
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subjects more/less quickly recognize typical/atypical members of a category?
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more; typical
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how does our long term memory store concepts and knowledge?
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through "associative" networks-- a web
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what is another name for semantic memory?
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conceptual memory
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what part of a hierarchical arranged memory, is at the top?
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properties are seen at the top of any hierarchal structure
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how are memories stored hierarchically?
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through categories
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how to lower categories connect to higher categories?
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lower categories, "inherit" these attributes
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what are three advantages to a hierarchical memory?
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efficient
it all links together
it has properties
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At which level in a hierarchical model to people best think about and categorize an object?
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at the "basic" level; in the middle of the hierarchy
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what makes categories in hierarchy models useful?
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rapid organization
classification
prediction of aspects of experience
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what is the memory recall with childhood amnesia?
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the average number of events recalled as time passes increases!
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what is retroactive interference?
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when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information
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proactive interference
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when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information( i.e. an old learning of how to pronounce a word ex: willlamette!)
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what is the difference between recalling and recognizing information?
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in recalling, there is no stimulus present to help. whereas in recognizing, the stimulus is there providing retrieval cues
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what is easier after a longer period of time to retrieve a memory? recognition or recall?
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recongnition
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what type of memory does writing an essay depend on?
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recall
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what type of memory does it take to remember information for a MC test?
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recognition, the answers are provided
"retrieval cues" are provided
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what is Context-Dependent Memory?
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Memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled.
i.e. scuba divers learning underwater, will remember better underwater
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What is state dependent memory?
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People recall information better when they are in the same psychological state or mood as they were when learning the material.
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what is the method of serial reproduction?
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heard stories that would later have to recall
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what did subjects in bartlets study often do with the stories they heard?
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1. assimilate to parts of their culture or background
2. change emphasis
3.simplify the story
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what is does the idea of loftus say?
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that the information added after an event effected people's memory
-new misleading information replaces/distorts original information
i.e. crashed vs smashed
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what theory is relevant to the accuracy of eyewitness testimonials or line ups?
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loftus
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Repressed Memories
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Repression : threatening or traumatic information is pushed into the unconscious and cannot be retrieved until something else releases it
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false memory syndrome
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creation of inaccurate or false memories through the suggestion of others, often while the person is under hypnosis (memories must be plausible.) evidence suggest false memories cant be created for just any kind of memory
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Where are long term memories stored?
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IT cortex especially the hippocamus and amygdala
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what does damage to the IT cortex result in?
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deficits in pattern recognition
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what part of the brain would have to be damaged to lead to antergrade and retrograde amnesia?
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medial temporal lobe
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what is anterograde amnesia?
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an inability to form new memories
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what is retrograde amnesia?
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difficulty in remembering memories from before the accident/damage happened
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What does case HM reflect?
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the removal of the hippocampus and amygdala
- only remembers things up to a year before his surgery
- still has social skills, language, STM
-lost: unable to form new declarative memories
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what does the brain need in order to build new long term declarative memories?
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a connection between the MTL and cortex
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What is the theory of consolidation?
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the integration of new ideas with old ones
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What is selective attention?
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Being able to focus on one source of info while ignoring others
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What is divided attention?
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the ability to monitor unattended stimuli and use them as a basis to shifting for shifting attention
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What is "overtly" attention?
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physically orienting sensory systems to particular stimulus (i.e. eye movement)
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what is "covert" attention?
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sensing stimuli with senses other than sight; based on instinct. (ie the "no look" pass)
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What is stimulus driven capture?
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a stimuli in the environment that automatically captures attention (i.e loud noise or bright flash)
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What is goal-directed selection?
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a VOLUNTARY action in which you chose what stimuli to pay attend to (i.e. the cocktail party effect)
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What does a shadowing experiment reflect?
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selective listening and goal directed attention
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Can info from the "ignored message" during a shadowing experiment still get through to your attention?
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yes-- i.e your name -we can attend to more than one message at a time but not very well
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What is the "posner task"?
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the arrow experiment - events attended to can be responded to more quickly -therefore valid cue-----> quicker response time and invalid------> slower response time
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What is divided attention?
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the ability to take in 2 high levels of information at the sametime (ie driving and talking) ** the more different the two tasks are the easier it is to carry them out simultaneously
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Can you get better at dividing your attention?
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yes! practice
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What is an argument against divided attention
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the idea that you can analyze automatically without attention
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What is the stroop effect, or stroop task?
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the name of the colors of the words - the color of the words interfere with naming the ink colors
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What is treismans integration theory?
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we can easily identify an object based on ONE UNIQUE feature In contrast putting together features of an object (A diff color/diff object) takes focal attention
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What is a serial visual search?
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Having to search for an object out of a conjuction of features ( white T amongst a see of black T's and white L's) **have to attend to each object individually
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True/False: In a conjuction search, the amount of distractors makes it more difficult
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TRUE
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What is an illusionary conjuction?
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by overloading the subjects attention, it creates errors in feature combinations
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what does the change blindness theory state?
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our internal model of the world is sparse and only includes our intended info---info not attended is extracted and we see it as having a "gist"
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What does the Neisser experiment illustrate?
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change blindness- black/white shirts and umbrella crossing
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When attending to the face stimulus, what part of the brain is activiated?
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the FFA - the fusiform face area
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Define learning.
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adaptation to the environment ---sensory experience at one time effects an individuals behavior at a future time
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what is behaviorism?
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attempt to understand behavior as the relationship between observable stimuli and observable response
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What type of learning is operant and classical conditioning?
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associative
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What type of learning is explicit knowledge?
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representational/cognitive
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what type of learning is imitation?
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observational
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what type of learning is the meaning of arbitrary images i.e. words?
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symbolic
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what type of learning is complex actions a reflection of?
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skill
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What type of learning is only something innate like a bird song?
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specialized learning abilities
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When we are changing the conditioned stimulus slightly but it still elicits the conditioned response what is happening?
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stimulus generalization/discrimination
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What does "disappearance" mean in classical conditioning
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when the conditioned response stops being elicited from the conditioned stimulus due to the absence of the unconditioned stimulus
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What is operant conditioning?
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the consequences of a response/behavior increases or decreases the likelihood that the response will happen again
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what does the "law of effect" illustrate?
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that the stimulus after a certain behavior shapes the behavior
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what is the puzzle box an example of and whose study was it?
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thorndyke--- the cat and the lever measuring the response time to letting itself out once it has learned its way out (response time decreases over time)
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what is a discriminative stimulus?
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a part of operant conditioning that is a cue that a particular response will be reinforced
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What is shaping in operant conditioning?
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if the subject never does the action the elicits the response, it will be reinforced as actions that are closer to the desired actions are preformed to lead them into the goal
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what do partial reinforcement schedules do?
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reward only some of the responses that eventually leads to better learning -------> prevents extinction by ration, time, fixed/variable schedule
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if a stimulus INCREASES the response or behavior it is a _______
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the stimulus is a reinforcer
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if a stimulus DECREASES the response or behavior, it is a _____
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the stimulus is a punishment
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If the stimulus is PRESENTED after the initial response or behavior, it is a ______
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positive
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If the stimulus is REMOVED after the initial response or behavior it is a ______
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negative
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What does skinners box illustrate?
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operant conditioning
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what type of reinforcement is being used? pigeon pecks key--> gets food===>pecks some more
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positive reinforcement
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what type of reinforcement is being use? dog chews up shoes-->is yelled at===>stops chewing shoe
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positive punishment
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what type of reinforcement is being used? dog chews up shoe-->gets no dinner===>stops chewing shoe
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negative punishment
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what type of conditioning explains fear conditioning?
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classical ie. little albert (fear of small white animals) and phobias
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what type of learning is mothers teaching babies, gambling, clever hans, trial and error learning, and teaching animal to preform tricks?
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operant conditioning
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what is a cognitive map
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the ability to have an internal representation of something
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what is latent learning?
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like in� the rats, although something may not be reinforced, the mice are able to learn something that wasn't immediately demonstrated-- working around obstacle
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what part of our brain is critical to spatial representation or maps of familiar places?
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hippocampus
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what is "monkey see monkey do" and the bobo doll experiment explain
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cognitive proceses through observational learning
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what is the problem of "instinctual drift"? what type of learning is it associated with?
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in operant conditioning the idea that the subject will begin to result to instictive behaviors or the biologically predisposed response (is coins=the food)
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two examples of cognitive/representational learning are?
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cognitive maps and observational learning
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two examples of biologically based specialized learning abilities are?
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food aversions and instinctual drift
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where is the reward drug?
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dopamine
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What is memory?
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the storage and retention of information around the world
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what is sensory memory?
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high capacity and very short trace of sensory input retained for a brief period of time
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what is short term memory?
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also called working memory small capacity and short duration where attentive/conscious processing occurs
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what is long term memory?
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the stored representation of knowledge gained from previous experience unlimited capacity and indefinite durations
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what does it� mean to "control processes"
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manipulating information between or within stores
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what is the movement of memory from STM to LTM called?
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encoding
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what are the two types of explicit knowledge?
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semantic- - a general understanding of the world episodic-- knowledge of specific past experiences
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what is the capacity of verbal STM?
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~7 letters to figure out duration of STM you must distract the subject from remembering info begins to be lost quickly
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what is the primary and recency effect?
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the ability to remember the first and last of a long list
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what type of presentation leads to a better recall percent?
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a slower one, it allows for more time for info to be transfered to LTM
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T/F does the length of time an item is rehearsed increase the rate of remembrance ?
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NO
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what is the best way to remember something?
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elaborative rehersal-- connecting it to something you already know�
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common misconceptions of language
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Language change is corruption Some languages are more advanced Some pronunciations are better Language acquisition: children learn by imitation.
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what is the creative property of human language say?
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that there are limitless number of ways to express a limitless number of thoughts
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what does the structured property of language say?
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that sounds are combined into words and words are combined into sentences according to rules aka grammar
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what does the meaningful property of language say?
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ideas are conveyed by individual words and how they are organized into sentences. --same words in different order can have different meanings
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what what does the referential property of human language say?
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it refers to and describes things and events in the world -children must learn the mapping between the events in the world and their words
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what does the interpersonal/communicative property of language say?
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that language has a social function
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what is competence?
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what one knows
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what is implicit knowledge?
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knowing what is right
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what is explicit knowledge
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explain in terms of formal rules (grammer)
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T/F: competence is usually better than performance
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TRUE
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what is plural competence?
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knowing when to say wugs versus wucks (z sound versus s sound)
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what is wordness competence?
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the ability to distinguish what word could eventually become a part of the english language
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what is syntactic competence?
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the ability to know where in a sentence a word fits best
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what is the hierarchical structure of language?
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sounds-->words--> phrases--> sentences-->conversations
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what are phonemes?
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elementary sounds of speech(not necessarily words or letters)
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t/f: every language has a different number of phonemes
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TRUE
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t/f: combing phonemes is a rule goverened
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true: tl can't for tlitter but glitter and pritter would work in the english language
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what is a morpheme?
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the smallest meaningful unit of language (i.e.word, wordstem, prefix, suffix)
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what are content words in morphemes?
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words that carry the main meaning of the sentence-- nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs
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what are function words in morphemes?
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grammatical words, includes articles, suffixes, prefixes, conjunctions and prepositions
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what is Wernickes aphasia
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no trouble producing speech but what they say makes no sense and language comprehension is also impaired --selective impairment of content
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What is broca's aphasia?
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impairment of function of words -hardly can form sentences
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What is syntax?
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how words are arranged in a sentence. english order is SVO: subject verb object
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what is the role of the subject and the predicate in sentences?
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the subject introduces the noun and the predicate proposes something about that
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what do passive sentences focus on?
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focuses on the doer the boy hit the ball not the boy was hit by the ball
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t/f: sentences can have the same deep structure but different surface structures
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TRUE
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t/f: sentences can have the same surface structures, but different deep structures
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true: smoking volcanoes can be dangerous
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What are Spoonerisms?
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Slips of the tongue in which the speaker exchanges initial consonants in words, or mixing and matching of morphemes.� however, doesn't effect the grammar of the sentence
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what is the difference between a content word swap and a phoneme word swap?
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content word swaps, swap whole words where as phoneme swaps only swap parts of the word... sorry drunk i'm officer ped ren versus red pen
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how do we organize words into meaningful sentences?
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syntax(sentence structure)-->semantics(content words)--->phonemes(sound)-->worked one at a time
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what takes longer to recognize a photo of, a active or a passive sentence? i.e. the dog chased the cat� OR the dog was chased by the cat
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reaction times were faster for active sentences
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What is telegraphic speech?
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due to damage to the brocas consists mainly of content words; articles, prepositions and other less critical words are omitted "give doll" rather than "please give me the doll"
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someone who has� brocas aphasia has damage to what part of their brain? what do this cause a deficiency in ?
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frontal lobe; semantic
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someone who has damage in the wernickes portion of the brain has damaged what part of their brain? what do they have a deficit doing?
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temporal lobe; syntactic (grammar)
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syntatic
descriptive
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govern language
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perscriptive
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rules of grammar
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definitional theory
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meaning can be broken down into sub components; words are bundles of semantic features
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order of language (what makes it up)
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sounds (phonemes)-->words (morphemes)-->phrases-->sentences-->conversations
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PSY 201:Exam 4