PSYC 4620:Study Guide
108 Cards in this Set
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Temperament is characterized by individual differences in:
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Reactivity; regulation; genetics; environments
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Reactivity
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The infant’s excitability and responsiveness
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reactivity
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infant's excitability and responsiveness
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Regulation
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The infant’s control of his or her reactivity
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Regulation
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What an infant does to control his or her reactivity, as well as the degree to which a distressed infant accepts comfort from others.
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Two Major Types of Temperament
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Highly reactive & Uninhibited
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Most models of Temperament Emphasize:
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Surgency (extraversion); Negative Affectivity (predispositions to experience fear, frustration, or anger); effortful control (regulation of stimulation and response); Infant Emotionality (the latency to respond to emotional stimuli and the average and peak intensities of emotional respons…
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Four common types of parenting style
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Authoritarian; authoritative; permissive; neglectful.
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Three common Attachment Styles
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secure; avoidant; anxious / ambivalent
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Goodness of fit
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interaction of infant temperament with the caregivers response to that temperament.
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Goodness-of-fit
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the match between a child's temperament and environmental demands the child must deal with
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Bidirectional effects
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In relations between parents and children, the concept that children not only are affected by their parents but affect their parents in return.
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Evidence of temperamental
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-Consistency across a variety of situations
-Stability across time
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Temperament can act as 2 things...
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•General risk factor, leading to increased vulnerability to many possible disorders
•Specific risk factor, leading to increased vulnerability with a particular disorder (e.g., anxiety)
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Diathesis-Risk Model
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-Genetic & biological factors interact with environmental influences leading to individual differences
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Differential Susceptibility
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-Individuals most vulnerable to stressful environments may be most likely to thrive with positive environmental support
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Sensitivity to Context
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-Individual differences in adaptation as a function of differences in biological sensitivity to environment
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Pica
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Ingestion of non-food substances such as paint, pebbles, and dirt
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What is pica?
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•Persistent eating of non-edible/non-nutritive substances
–For at least one month
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Rumination
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repeated regurgitation of food
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Rumination
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brings back up and re-chews partially digested food that has already been swallowed
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Avoidant / Restrictive Food intake Disorder
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refusal to eat
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avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
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type of food is restricted such that nutrition or weight are not maintained without supplement
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Sleep-wake disorders
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the lack of sleep or waking up.
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Pica Highlights
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more in infants than toddlers. Biological factors. Social learning plays role. Assessed through adaptive scales. Treat through diet change; behavioral intervention such as response prevention and habit reversal
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Rumination Highlights.
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Occurs in infancy; regurgitate food without medical cause; family dysfunction; assessed through adaptive scales, specific interviews, observation. Usually treated behaviorally.
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Restrictive food highlights
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failure to maintain or gain weight; difficult temperament, sensory problems, poor environmental conditions including poor parenting; developmental delays.
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___% of children experience sleep problems
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40%
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Common sleep problems in children
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reluctance to go to sleep; nightmares; night terrors
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Nightmares v. Night Terrors
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Nightmares - you can remember, wake up terrified
Night Terrors - wake up with physiological symptoms of fear without remembering why; disorientation.
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Dyssomias
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problems initiating or maintaining sleep; disturbance in amount, timing, or quality of sleep.
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Protodyssomnia / Insomnia
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Difficulty getting or staying asleep.
25%-50% of 1-3 y/o
treatment: behavioral, family guidance.
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Hypersomnia
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•Excessive sleepiness; prolonged sleep episodes or daytime sleep episodes
–Common among young children
Treatment: Behavioral; family guidance
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Narcolepsy
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Irresistible attacks of sleep, brief loss of muscle tone (cataplexy)
–Rare; <1% of kids and teens
–Treatment: Structure, support, psychostimulants, antidepressants
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Breathing-related sleep disorder
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•Sleep disruption caused by sleep-related breathing difficulties (possibly related to allergies or asthma)
–1%-2% of kids
Treatment: Removal of tonsils and adenoids
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Circadian-rhythm sleep disorder
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•Mismatch between sleep-wake schedule required by environment and person’s internal sleep cycle
–Late sleep onset (after midnight), difficulty awakening in morning, sleeping in on weekends, resistant to change
–7% of teens
–Treatment: Behavioral; chronotherapy
•Goal: gradually work to…
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Parasomnias
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•Behavioral or physiological events that intrude on ongoing sleep
•Problem with sleep cycle/arousal
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Arousal Parasomnias
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happens during deep sleep in 1st third of sleep cycle when person is so soundly asleep that he/she is difficult to arouse and has no recall of episode
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Hypersensitive regulatory disorder
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Heightened or exaggerated sensitivity to both auditory and visual stimulation
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Underreactive regulatory disorder
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Poor motor tone and coordination, self-absorption, and lagging skills in organizational processing
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Motorically disorganized, impulsive regulatory disorder
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Displays of significant disruptive activity and frequent sensation-seeking behavior
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Attachment disorders arise from
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-Inadequate, inattentive, inconsistent, and intrusive care
-Parent factors, including personality, psychopathology, and attachment history
-Child factors, including difficult temperament, genetic susceptibility, and neurological difficulties
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Infants with insecure attachments are at ______ risk for the development of certain kinds of difficulties than infants with secure attachments.
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higher
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Insecure infants with disorganized attachments are at ____ ______ _____ than avoidant or resistantinfants.
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even greater risk
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Secure attachmentrelationships are the result of
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-Consistent, appropriate responsiveness by the caregiver to the infant’sphysical, emotional, and social needs
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Patterns of _____ ______develop over time as a result of inconsistent, inadequate, or unavailable care
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insecure attachment
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____ _____ _____ relationships reflect inconsistent caregiving behavior.
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Resistant (or anxious/ambivalent) attachment
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___ ______ relationships result from ineffective or inappropriate caregiving.
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Avoidant attachment
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_______ _______ relationships occur when the caregiver is associated with frightening or malicious events, and involves a distinctive pattern of both approach and avoidance in infants.
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Disorganized attachment
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Early attachment relationships impact:
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-Neurological development
- Personality development
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Inhibited (RAD)
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–failure to attach or positively respond to caretakers
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Disinhibited
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–indiscriminate attachment to multiple people
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Diagnostic Considerations For Attachment Disorders
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•Must begin before age 5 for RAD and cannot be primarily the result of MR orPDD, or ADHD for Dis.
•Have to have developmental age of at least 9 months
•For both can specify if persistent (1 year or more), and/or if severe
•Evidence of abnormal or negative care (non-att opp)
–Lack of s…
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Appearance & Features-RAD & Dis. Soc. Engagement Disorder
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•Often appear socially and developmentally delayed
–Fail to smile, fail to bond, lack of eye contact, lack of attention to the environment, extreme disengagement, slow weight gain, weight loss, feeding problems, lethargy, fussy, OR
–Excessive interest and positive affect towards strange…
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Appearance & Features-RAD & DSE. Disorder continued
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•Delays in vocabulary and articulation
•Intellectual delays esp. if NOFT present
–Reading disorder is common
•Associated with difficult temperment, parental stress and maladaptive parent-child interactions (esp. true when feeding issues are present)
•Long-term behavior and personality…
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Parent characteristics in RAD and DSE include....
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•low self-esteem, social awkwardness, anger, inappropriate expectations, financial stresses, and others
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Parent - Child interaction characteristics in RAD and DSE include
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lack of nurturance and communication, forced separation, adversarial feeding, among others
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Assessment-RAD & Dis. Soc. Engagement Disorder
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•Test cognitive, sensory, & motor skills
–Need to track long-term
•Must choose developmentally appropriate measures and reassess frequently (e.g., Bayley, VABS)
•Important to track behavior as well
–Will tend to show spikes on Social Problems and Withdrawn or Hyperactive and Aggressiv…
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Treatment-RAD & Dis. Soc. Engagement Disorder
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•Address medical needs if present
•Gradually increase environmental stimulation, esp. attending verbally but really addressing all senses and social interactions
•Behavioral modification
–Praise positive parent-child interaction
–Parenting skills
•May also need individual and/or fami…
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Separation anxiety disorder
Phobic disorder
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Sleep problems
Agoraphobia may lead to social isolation
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Social phobia
Generalized anxiety disorder
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The whole environment is perceived as threatening
The child catastrophes about many minor daily events
Peer relationships and academic performance may deteriorate
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Panic disorder
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The recurrence of a panic attack is terrifying
Attention is directed inward and benign somatic sensations are perceived but misinterpreted as threatening
The youth believes panic attacks may be life threatening
Avoids public places in case a panic attack occurs away from home
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
a disorder characterized by recurrent and unwanted thoughts and or a need to perform rigidly repetitive physical or mental actions
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a disorder characterized by recurrent and unwanted thoughts and or a need to perform rigidly repetitive physical or mental actions
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Somatic Symptom Disorders?
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-Are a disparate group of disorders, including:
1. Complex somatic symptom disorders
2. Functional Neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder).
2. Factitious disorders
-Somatic symptoms w/no physio basis, not under voluntary control, not malingering (faking to achieve some goa…
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Agoraphobia
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An anxiety disorder that involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public places, and other situations, that require separation from a source of security such as the home.
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Disthymia
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A mild chronic depression that lasts for at least 2 years or more
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Conversion Disorder
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major somatoform disorder that involves an actual physical disturbance
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depressive disorders
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emotional disorders primarily involving sadness, despondency, and depression
Overwhelmed with feelings of hopelessness
inability to feel pleasure or take interest in anything (includes the things that they used to love to do)
very tired
excessive sleeping
feelings of worthlessness
m…
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Bipolar Disorders
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■ Bipolar I: At least one manic or mixed episode (usually requiring hospitalization).
■ Bipolar II: At least one MDE and one hypomanic episode (less intense
than mania). Patients do not meet the criteria for full manic or mixed
episodes.
■ Rapid cycling: Four or more episodes (MDE, ma…
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mania
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crazy, derangement
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Hypomania
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state in which an individual shows mild symptoms of mania
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How are learning disorders diagnosed?
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Reading, written expression and mathematics.
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Attachment disorders arise from
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-Inadequate, inattentive, inconsistent, and intrusive care
-Parent factors, including personality, psychopathology, and attachment history
-Child factors, including difficult temperament, genetic susceptibility, and neurological difficulties
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Dyscalculia
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Difficulty learning and comprehending numbers.
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Dyslexia
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A reading disability that occurs when the brain does not properly recognize and process certain symbols
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Dysgraphia
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A learning disability that affects writing.
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What problems would children have with mathematics disorder?
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Visual-spatial difficulties, which result in a person having trouble processing what the eye sees
Language processing difficulties, which result in a person having trouble processing and making sense of what the ear hears
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What is the DSM criteria for intellectual developmental disorder?
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1) below average intellectual functioning
2) deficits in maladaptive behavior 3) an onset prior to age 18
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What are the features associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
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1) Delayed language acquisition
2) Delayed social skill acquisition
3) Repetitive behaviours or restricted interests.
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Diagnostic autism spectrum disorder
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Social communication and interaction deficits
Behaviors - restrictive, repetitive
with or without intellectual disability
With or without language impairment
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What are the characteristics of children with a reading disorder?
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They have problems with letter and word recognition, understanding ideas and words, reading speed and fluency, and general vocabulary skills.
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What are ways to prevent intellectual disorders?
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Genetic screening.
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which sleep disorder is more likely associated with trauma
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PTSD
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Mild IDD
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A level of intellectual developmental disorder (IQ between 50 and 70) at which people can benefit from education and can support themselves as adults.
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Severe IDD
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A level of intellectual developmental disorder (IQ between 20 and 34) at which individuals require careful supervision and can learn to perform basic work in structured and sheltered settings.
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what is the prevalence of learning disorders? %%%
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5-10%
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Learning Disorders: Diagnosis
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Clear impairment in school performance in a specific area
impairment not due to intellectual disability or pervasive developmental disorder
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Treatment of Learning Disorders
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*Requires intense educational interventions:
---Remediation of basic processing probs (teach visual skills)
---Efforts to improve cog skills (instruction in listening)
---Targeting behav skills to compensate for prob areas
*Early intervention ↑s outcome
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What are some difficulties in identifying childhood schizophrenia
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It's very rare, so it's difficult to diagnosis.
Someone in the family might have schizophrenia and may cause shared schizophrenia.
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What is the probable personality disorder of: A person who seems a little odd and who has magical thinking, ideas of reference, and illusions?
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Schizotypal personality disorder
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What is magical thinking?
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May include:
belief in clarvoyance (all-seeing), telepathy
Bizarre fantasies, preoccupations
Superstitious
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What is "ideas of reference"?
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interpretation of external stimuli as though it had a direct reference to self
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Prognosis of learning disorders in children:
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children do not outgrow disorders but can learn to cope with them.
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What is the typical gender and age that correlates with Childhood onset schizophrenia?
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Young adults. The typical age for men is 25 and for women is 29.
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What are some kinds of delusions?
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Persecutory, Grandiose, Magical/Bizarre Thinking, Ideas of Reference
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What are some kinds of hallucinations?
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Auditory, sometimes persecutory. Also visual, tactile and olfactory.
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What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, disorganized speech (loosening of associations, word salad), inappropriate expressions of affect, catatonic excitement
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What are negative side effects of schizophrenia?
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nMutism, poverty of speech (alogia), poverty of content of speech, increased latency to response, flat affect (affective flattening), catatonic stupor, waxy flexibility, trouble doing things (avolition)
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Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Etiology
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vulnerability stress model
genetic factors
neurobiological factors
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surgency
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an aspect of child temperament referring to high activity level an dhigh intentsity pleasure
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sleep disorders are diagnosed based on
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quality and quantity of sleep as well as daytime sequelae
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Key Features of Reactive Attachment disorder
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poor parenting (kid's emotional/physical needs not met), onset <5 yo
developmentally inappropriate social relatedness (poor manners); not mental retardation or pervasive developmental ds
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disinhibited social engagement disorder
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pattern of behavior that involves socially and developmentally inappropriate overly familiar behavior with strangers- history of neglect and extreme social emotional deprivation- lack of inhibition
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Family environment for children with attachment disorders
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The family usually is authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, & neglectful
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Treatment for children with intellectual disorders
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Medication, special education, psychotherapy, behavioural therapy.
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learning disorders: diagnosis controversy
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why wait until a discrepancy develops? Response to intervention (identify children who have an inferior response to a known effective intervention; acts as an early warning sign)
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How do you assess learning disorders?
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- review of developmetal,medical, education, and family history(interviews with parents, teachers, child, etc.)- behavioral rating scales
-cognitive/intelligence, academic, language, executive functioning tests
-school observations
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How do you treat attachment disorders?
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-Address medical concerns, if any.
-Graudally increase environment stimulation.
-Praise positive child-parent interaction
-Focus on parenting skills
-May need specific family treatment.
-Monitoring, supervising and even child removal may be necessary if the child is not safe.
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PSYC 4620:Study Guide