ANTH 1013: FINAL
57 Cards in this Set
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Tastes
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sweet - sugar - energy - swallow
bitter - toxins - gag reflex
sour - acid - spoiled/unripe
umami - protein
salty - salt
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expansion of hominids into the New World
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HOMO SAPIENS were the first to travel here via the Bering Strait land bridge
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expansion of hominins out of Africa
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HOMO ERECTUS were first to leave here.
spread to asia and europe
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magdalenian (blades)
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final phase in the Upper Paleolithic.
-triangles and semilunar blades set into bone or antlers
-bone was used for hammers, spearheads, jewelry, harpoons, spear throwers
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solutrean (blades)
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Upper Paleolithic
-very skillful bifacial points made lithic reduction percussion and pressure flaking
-arrowheads, spearheads
-bone and antler used
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gravettian (blades)
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Upper Paleolithic
-thinner, smaller pointed blades with a blunt but straight back
-carving tools
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aurignacian (blades)
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Upper Paleolithic
-stone tools characterized by blades from prepared cores
-most efficient way to remove long narrow flakes from a piece of stone
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chatelperronian (blades)
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earliest industry in the Upper Paleolithic
-produced toothed, stone tools and flint knifes with a single cutting edge and a blunt, curved back
-Neanderthal people
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mousterian (levallois)
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Middle Paleolithic
-striking of flakes from a prepared core
-Homo Neanderthalensis
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encephalization
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-late miocene hominoids have great ape sized brains
-early australopiths have slightly larger brains
-paranthropus have larger brains
-neandertals have larger brains than modern humans
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natural selection
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(basic mechanism of evolution)
-the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring
-Charles Darwin
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average cranial capacity of Australopithecus africanus
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525
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average cranial capacity of paranthropus boisei
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525
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cranial capacity of homo habilis
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650
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cranial capacity of pan troglodytes
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375
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cranial capacity of homo sapiens
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1350
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cranial capacity of H. rudolfensis
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700
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cranial capacity of homo erectus
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1000
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cranial capacity of H. heidelbergensis
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1200
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cranial capacity of H. neanderthalensis
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1520
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prognathism
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positional relationship of the mandible/maxilla to the skeletal base
-prognathism decreases as hominins evolve (jaw/mandible doesn't push out further than face)
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oldowan (flakes)
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Lower Paleolithic
-homo habilis
-stone cores with flakes removed from part of the surface, creating a sharp edge that was used for cutting, chopping, and scraping
-2.6 - 1.7 MYA
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acheulian (bifaces)
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Lower Paleolithic
-products of homo erectus
-oval and pear-shaped hand axes
-biface tools = 2 faces
-longest tools used in human history
-1.6 MYA - 200 KYA
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bipedalism
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locomotion on 2 legs (walking, running)
CHANGES:
presence of valgus knee
more inferiorly placed foramen magnum
reduced or non opposable big toe
more posterior iliac blade
higher arch in foot
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Catarrhines dental formula
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2:1:2:3
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Platyrrhines dental formula
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2:1:3:3
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locations of New World Monkeys
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central and south america
mexico
tropical forest environments
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locations of Old World Monkeys
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south and east asia
the middle east
africa
south tip of spain
tropical forests, grasslands, mountains with snow
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biological evolution
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changes in allele frequencies in a species throughout evolution
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genotype
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genetic makeup
-set of genes that an organism carries
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DNA
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double stranded (double helix)
A & T
C & G
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RNA
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single stranded
C & G
A & U
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heterozygous
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having different alleles at the same location on a pair of chromosomes
Aa
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homozygous
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having two of the same allele at the same location on both chromosomes
AA (dominant)
aa (recessive)
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vertical clinging and leaping
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type of arboreal locomotion
-cling to trees and pushes off by hind limbs, landing on another tree
-strepsirrhine primates
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brachiating
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form of arboreal locomotion
-swinging from tree limb to tree limb using only arms
-gibbons, siamangs
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knuckle-walking
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form of quadrupedal walking
-use feet and knuckles to walk
-gorillas, chimps, anteaters, platypuses
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terrestrial quadrupedalism
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4-limbed locomotion on the ground
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arboreal quadrupedalism
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moving along horizontal branches involving all 4 limbs & tail
-arm swingers & vertical clingers
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polyandry social structure
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one female and 2 males
-only some NWM
-marmosets, tamarins
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solitary social structure
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lone males or females with young
-orangutans
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multimale - multifemale social structure
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several adult males, females and offspring
-male and female dominance hierarchies
-high/medium sexual dimorphism
-several males reproduce
-savanna baboons, chimps
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harem social structure
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single adult male groups
-several adult female and offspring
-females usually are related
-high sexual dimorphism
-gorillas, colobus monkeys
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allen's rule
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warm-blooded species living in colder environments usually have shorter appendages than those of the same species in warmer areas
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gene flow
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(migration)
-any movement of genes from one population to another
-source of genetic variation
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founder effect
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(subset of genetic drift)
-the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small # of individuals from a larger population
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genetic drift
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(basic mechanism of evolution)
-the change in the frequency of a gene variant in a population due to random sampling
-greater impact on smaller populations
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gregor mendel
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discovered genetics (1865)
-basic principles of heredity
-pea plants
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carolus linnaeus
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binomial nomenclature
(classifying organisms)
-grouped humans with animals
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nicolas copernicus
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heliocentric universe
-replaced polemic view
-mathematician/astronomer
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georges cuvier
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concept of catastrophism (explanation for extinction)
-diving animal kingdom using anatomy
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lamarck
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inheritance of acquired characteristics
-coined the term "biology"
-environmental change = morphological change
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charles lyell
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uniformitarianism
-believed the earth was very old
-geological changes = wind, water erosion, glacier movement, deposition, vulcanism
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thomas malthus
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competition for resources (population)
-produce more offspring than resources can support
-carrying capacity
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alfred russel wallace
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natural selection
-due to differential reproductive success between individuals
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thomas huxley
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-coined "agnostic"
-Darwin's bulldog
-originated the idea that birds descended from dinosaurs
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testability
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clear predictions that are potentially falsifiable
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ANTH 1013: TEST 3