39 Cards in this Set
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The exact magnitude and timing of earthquakes is commonly predicted a few days to hours in advance:
True? or False?
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False
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Lithospheric plate velocities are on the order of:
20 to 100 meters / yr
20 to 100 centimeters /yr.
2 to 10 centimeters / yr.
2 to 10 nanometers / yr
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2 to 10 cm per year.
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The process of mineral formation from a cooling melt/liquid is called:
1.crystallization
2.evaporation
3.dissolution
4.dehydration
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Crystallization
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The basic structural element (building block) of a silicate mineral is:
1.A sphere
2.A line
3.A cube
4.A tetrahedron
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Tetrahedron
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The country that controls over 90% of the supply of vital rare earth elements today (2012) is:
1.South Africa
2.Canada
3.Russia
4.China
5.United States
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China
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The volcanic rock type basalt is typically found at:
1.Subduction zones like Japan
2.Mid-ocean ridges and hot spots like Hawaii
3.Transform faults like the San Andreas
4.Not associated with any kind of plate margin or hot spot
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#2 Mid ocean ridges and hot spots like Hawaii.
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Volcanic glass (obsidian) is a good example of a mineral
True or False?
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False
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According to US Geological Survey studies, there is a 63% chance of a major earthquake striking the San Francisco / Bay area by 2036.
True or False
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True
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The chemical weathering of silicate minerals / rocks naturally removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere over long (million year) timescales:
True or False
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True
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Which one of the following does not have annual laminations or layers?
1.Tree rings
2.Polar ice sheets
3.Lake sediments
4.Basalt flows
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Basalt Flows
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The term “half-life” refers to which process: 1.Magma chamber collapse and caldera formation 2.Radioactive decay of elements like Uranium
3.Tree ring counts
4.Mid-life crisis
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Radioactive decay of elements like uranium.
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High grade metamorphic rocks are usually associated with:
1.Continental collision zones / mountain belts
2.Oceanic spreading centers
3.Mid-Ocean hot spots
4.Shallow sedimentary basins
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Continental Collision Zones/ Mountain belts.
( High temperatures & pressures)
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Processes that lead to the formation of sedimentary rocks include:
1.Deep seismic (earthquake) activity
2.Heat and pressure
3.Weathering, transport and deposition
4.Melting and recrystallization
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Weathering, transport, and deposition.
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Which of the following sedimentary structures indicates dry climate / drought?
1.Coarse sand alternating with clay layers 2.Mudcracks
3.Dinosaur trackways
4.Dinosaur bone beds
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Mudcracks
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An example of a chemical sedimentary rock is:
1.Limestone
2.Gneiss
3.Granite
4.Sandstone
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Limestone
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Most of the world’s economic reserves of fossil fuels are held in:
1.Igneous Rocks
2.Metamorphic Rocks
3.Sedimentary Rocks
4.Subduction Zones
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Body Wave
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Seismic waves that travel outward of an earthquakes focus and pass through the Earth.
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Earthquake Focus
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The point of the first release of energy
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Elastic Deformation
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A reversible and non permanent deformation of a ductile material.
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Elastic Rebound Theory
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Earthquakes result from the release of stored elastic energy by slippage on faults.
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Epicenter
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The point on the earth surface that lies directly above the earthquake center.
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Fault
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a fracture in a rock along which movement occurs.
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Gravity Anomaly
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variations in the pull of gravity after correction for latitude and longitude.
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Isostasy
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The ideal property of flotation among segments of the earths lithosphere.
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Moho
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seismic discontinuity that marks the base of the crust.
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P (primary) wave
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Seismic body waves that can pass through liquid, solid, and gas.
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S(secondary) wave
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Cannot be transmitted through liquids and gasses. Only solids.
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Mineral
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naturally formed crystalline solid, with a definite chemical composition and a crystal structure
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surface wave
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pass on surface not through earth.
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tsunami wave
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not tidal waves. caused by sudden movement on sea floor.
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Recording seismic waves
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Done with a seismograph, which uses inertia of a stationary object to measure the distance the earth moves under that object.
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If the top of the plate is partly oceanic and partly continental crust, then both move:
at the same speed in the same direction.
in different directions at the same speed
in the same direction at different speeds
in different directions and differing speed.
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at the same speed in the same direction
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Measuring plate velocity
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paleomagnetic measurments
Satellite measurements
satellites send signals to a specific marker on earth and record its location as it varies.
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Can earthquakes be predicted?
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Earth quake risk can be assessed for certain areas but all that can be determined is that a certain size may happen with in a certain time.
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Predictions of earthquakes
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Animal behavior
foreshocks
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Three Rock Types
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Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
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Igneous
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formed by the cooling and consolidation of magma.
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Sedimentary Rock
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rocks formed from the accumulation of weathered material carried by water, wind, or ice
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metamorphic rock
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rock formed by the alteration of preexisting rock deep w/in Earth (but still in the solid state) by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids
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ENVS 101: EXAM 2