ENVS 101 1st Edition Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture I. Course Introduction/Overview of Environmental Science Subjects of InterestA. Elaboration of the Earth System and how the Earth is observed.Outline of Current Lecture II. The Earth System/Defining and understanding Earth System ScienceIII. Definitions for: System, Model, Flux, Reservoirs, Residence Time, SequestrationIV. Understanding the Earth as a Closed SystemV. Introductionto the major Reservoirs of the EarthCurrent LectureEarth System Science pertains to observations of the Earth, as well as the various systems found within the earth. This science is considered a holistic approach to Earth studies because it is the study of the entire planet as a system with various interacting parts. Studies also focus on the changes that go on within the parts of the system (as well as changes in the interactions of these various systems) and even draws focus to the impact humans have as well.- System: Any portion of the universe that can be isolated from the rest of the universe for the purpose of observing and measuring changes.Observations on all scales have proven crucial to gaining understanding of the Earth and its various systems. A particularly important tool that is used to gather information and observations about the Earth, is satellite-based Remote Sensing.- Remote Sensing: The repetitive/continuous collection of information about a target (Earth itself being the target, in this case).Aside from observing the changes that take place, measuring changes is also a way in which complex problems are studied. Changes are observed/measured in two distinct ways. One is by looking at a natural system under changing conditions, ex: observing what happens to a system that normally receives water (like a swamp), during a drought.Another method is by creating changes on an artificial, man-made system inside of a laboratory, by creating and examining a model.- Model: A representation of something.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Models are created to make a simplified version of a more complex original. They are also made at a more manageable scale than the original. For instance, if you build a miniature house, you built a representation of the original house, but at a more manageable scale. Be careful! Models aren’t necessarily smaller versions of the original object you are observing, however. In order to understand the structure of a molecule, for instance, you would create a larger scale model, because the original is invisible to the naked eye. Another key in understanding the Earth is by measuring the volumes of exchange of matter/energy between reservoirs, and how these exchanges change over time. These exchanges of matter and energy are known as a flux. - Flux: Amount of energy that is transferred.- Reservoir(s): The places where energy or matter is stored.In observing the flux between reservoirs, we can also gain an understanding of the average time energy or matter is stored in one reservoir before interacting with another reservoir. This amount of time is called Residence Time. If this time becomes so great that the matter or energy does not interact with anything else, sequestration occurs.- Residence Time: The time that energy or matter spends in a reservoir.- Sequestration: When matter or energy is isolated for very long periods.For practical purposes, the Earth is considered a closed system, in which matter is fixed and finite (limited materials, rather than an unlimited supply).- Closed System: System in which the boundary permits the exchange of energy, but not matter, with the surroundings.Overall, there are four vast reservoirs of the Earth: Atmosphere, Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Geosphere. These four reservoirs interact most intensely within a narrow zone called the Life Zone/Critical Zone.- The Life Zone: All life on Earth lives within a zone measuring no more than 20 km.It is in this zone where the geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere create an environment suitable for living