42 Cards in this Set
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specialized cells cannot
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move from their own waste, protect itself, seek food
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internal environment is made up of
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extracellularfluids (interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph) & intracellular fluids
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hematocrit
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formed elements of the blood (45%)
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plasma
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55% of total blood volume. 92% water. 7% plasma proteins. 1% other solutes
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plama proteins
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Albumins (too large to leave by diffusion) (so watermoves in via osmosis)
Globulins (hormones and antibodies)
Fibrinogen (blood clotting, inactive)
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formed elements composed of
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erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes
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erythrocytes
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red blood cells. 45-52% in men. 37-48% in females
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who has higher erythrocyte count and why
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higherwith exercise and elevation
malehave higher metabolic rate than women, so need more oxygen, more RBC
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leukocytes
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WBC - granulocytes and agranulocytes
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granulocytes
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neutrophils - 60-70%
eosinophins - 2-4%
basophils - .5-1%
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agranulocytes
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lymphocytes- 25-33%
monocytes - 3-8%
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thrombocytes
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platelets. clotting. come from megakarocytes.
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STAGESOF BLOOD CELL FORMATION
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yolk, hepatic, myeloid
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yolk sac
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Mammalskept yolk sac bc this is how we can get blood cellswhile we can’t make them ourselves yet. Yolk sac also deals with sperm and egg
-3rd week to end 2nd month
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hepatic
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Hepaticstage: liver makes RBC, then spleen makes RBC,
2nd month - little after birth
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hepatic
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redbone marrow makes RBC. In the beginning,Bone marrow from all bones can make blood cells. By 20 yrs old, only a few can: ribs,sternum, hips, end of long bones.
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Myeloid stage
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redbone marrow makes RBC. In the beginning,Bone marrow from all bones can make blood cells. By 20 yrs old, only a few can: ribs,sternum, hips, end of long bones.
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HEMATOPOIESIS
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making of RBC
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Hemocytoblast
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Astem cell capable of developing into any type of blood cell. That depends onthe growth factor present. Can become any formed element
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2 paths of hemocytoblast
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myeloid stem cell, lymphoid stem cell
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growth factors in hematopoiesis
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- erythropoietingoes to myeloid to make erythrocytes
- thrombopoietin goes to myeloid to makemegakaryocytic
- leukopoientins can go to myeloid to makeneutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes (nonspecific immunity)
- leukopoitentins can go to lymphoid to makelymphocytes …
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Chemotherapy & RBC
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-kills rapidly dividing cells, so also kill dividing cells that will becomeerythrocytes (so patients under treatment get tired). reduced
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ERYTHROCYTES shape & function
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biconcave disk, flexible, not true cell, filled with hemoglobin. No nucleus, no organelle, flexible membrane
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HEMOGLOBIN
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4 proteins (globins) with 4 iron heme groups. can carry 4 o2 or 4 co2
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ERYTHROCYTELIFESPAN
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120 days
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decrease blood 02 chain reaction
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decrease blood co2, kidneys release erythropoietin, stimulating myeloid stem cells to produce RBC, new RBC in blood increase blood 02, shut off. (neg feedback)
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erythrocytes need these to synthesize
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iron, globulin, b12, erythropoietin
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RBC destroyed by
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liver and spleen (2m per sec)
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cycle of recycling hemoglobin
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see card
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neutrophils job
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get bacteria, 1st line of defense
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eosinophils job
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antihistomines,
allergens;anti-parasitic
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basophils job
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secretehistamine (swell) and heparin (no blood clots)
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lymphocytes job
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specific immunity
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monocytes
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becomemacrophages, cronic infections, wound sites
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containment of pathogens
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WBChave receptors for chemotactic factors, which are released by hurt cells.
Thesefactors hit the wall of vessels, and bind to WBC.
Margination: pull off to the side of vesseland away from circulation
Pavementing: so many are attracted that theybecome ‘paved’
Diapedesis: wiggl…
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HEMOSTASIS
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control of bleeding
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mechanisms after injury
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vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
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parts of platelet plug
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adhesion - Collagen fibers attract platelets
release reaction - Platelets that are stuck break open andrelease clotting factors
aggregation - which attracts more platelets to clingand break, so on (positive feedback)
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how does it know to coagulate
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extrinsic - damaged pathways release factor 3, factor 7, to factor x
intrinsic - platelets release 12, 11, 9, 8
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coagulation
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factor 10 activates prothrombinase, converting prothrombin to throbin. that converts frbrinogen to fibrin. the fibrin polymer and platelet plug make the clot
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FIBRINOLYSIS
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CLOTDISSOLUTION
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process of FIBRINOLYSIS
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prekallikrein activates 7. activates kallikrein converts plasminogen to plasmin which makes fibrin polymer break down fibin
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BIO 241: BLOOD