Study Guide: Exam 4
43 Cards in this Set
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Mental Retardation Subtypes
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Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability) - poor cognitive development and deficits in at least 2 areas of adaptive functioning (ability to complete everyday activities)
onset prior to age 18
IG Based- IQ less than 70, (Mild 55-70, Moderate 40-55, Severe 25-40, Profound <25)
Based O…
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Down's Syndrome
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most common bio in general
47 extra chromosome,
frequently related to the age of the mom, risk goes up
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Fragile X
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gene on X chromosome breaks
severe intellectual abilities
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MR- Prenatal Environment
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teratogens, drugs & alcohol (fetal alcohol effects)
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MR- Social Factors
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cultural-familial retardation
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Pervasive Development Disorder
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profound and persistent impairment in several areas of functioning
(social and communication skills, typical childhood behaviors, interests, activities)
comorbid w/ mental retardation, associated w/ same bio causes in mental disorders
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Autistic Disorder
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Severe impairments in 3 major areas (before age 3 diagnosis):
1. Social Interaction- no interest, mechanical, or inapprop.
2. Communication- no speech (1/2) or 'stereotyped speech' (repetitive, patterned), don't get abstract concepts
3. Behaviors/Interests/Activities-- low tolerance fo…
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Savant
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Diagnosed with autism disorder and have exceptional intellectual skill in one area
not ALL ppl w/ Autism are savants, 2 out of every 1000
tend to score in MR rage of IQ
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Rett's Disorder
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genetic disorder causes slowing of head growth and loss of acquired cognitive and motor skills
girls only, cellular discommunication
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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder
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like Retts, but both girls and boys
autistic like characteristics, 1/100k very rare
unclear whether or not separate from autism
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Asperger's Disorder
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impairments in social interaction and restricted and stereotyped behaviors, but no delays in language (Still mechanical) or cognitive development
can't understand other people's perspective
some see as lower case of autism
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Explanation of Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Genetic: strong genetic component (twins show 60% concordance rates), runs in families, unusually high rates of other genetic disorders that co-occur (seizures, Fragile X)
Brain Growth- abnormal pattern of overgrowth during infancy, slowing during adolescence
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Autism Treatment
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Theory of mind- perspective taking
Meds-treat associated behavioral sxs only
Behavioral- based on operant conditioning (shaping behaviors w/ rewards), focus on lang and communication, self-care, academic tutoring, MOST EFFECTIVE
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Learning Disorders
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poor school achievement, but normal intelligence- usually a discrepancy between actual and potential achievement
more common w/ BOYS
usually one area (reading/math/sci) 15-20% basic reading problems
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Learning Disorders Primary Terms
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Dyslexia- spelling
Dyscalculia- numbers
Dysgraphia- writing .
Dysphasia- language
Dyspraxia- movement
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ADHD
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inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity (in 2 places)
trouble getting along w/ peers, emotionally want to connect
only 15% kids w/ ADHD will continue to meet all criteria by age 25
but 40-60% will continue to have some sxs as adults
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ADHD Subtype
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1. Predominant Inattentive- inattentiveness
2. Predominant Hyperactivity- impulse can't control
3. Combined- both inattentive & hyperactivity MOST COMMON
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ADHD Bio Explanation
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no specific gene for ADHD
parents 2-8x more likely to have ADHD if child does
genetics may account for 76% of variance in disorder
Neurology: abnormalities in prefrontal cortex and striatal regions (size/blood flow, neurotransmitter imbalances)- areas that regulate vigilance and attent…
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ADHD Family Influences
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severity of family dysfunction and conflict correlates with severity of ADHD symptoms
----correlates, not casual
rents may not be doing what need to do to treat
Psychodynamic: ADHD sxs can result from emotional distress
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ADHD Bio Treatment
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stimulants improve attn & concentration
Meds:
Methylphenidate (Ritalin (20% college students), Concerta)
Dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine)
Amphetamine & Dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
Atomoxetine (Strattera) -NON STIMULANT MED
---promote activity in the prefrontal and striate regions of t…
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ADHD Parent Training
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Parent Training Programs- incorporates family systems w/ behavioral and cognitive components, appropriate reinforcement and punishments in home
School Based Behavioral Management- tracking on-task behavior, academic performance issuing rewards or removing privileges (work in short term)
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder
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disruptive behavior disorder involving consistently negative, hostile and defiant behavior for AT LEAST 6 MNTHS
CHRONIC/ persistent prob that impedes development
SXS: lose temper, arguing, annoying others, antagonistic, agry, irritable
25% outgrow, 25%--> conduct
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Conduct Disorder
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WORSE disruptive behavior disorder involving the consistent violation of the rights of othersand significant age-appropriate norms for AT LEAST 12 MNTHS - usually male, phys aggressive, prob w/ peers
essential criminal behavior in children and adolescents (hurting others, animals, intent…
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Explanation ODD & CD
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Social Causes- poverty, dangerous neighborhoods, + highly dysfunctional families increase the risk (especially vulnerable)
Family Causes- parental alcoholism, antisoc PD, & criminal behaviors, rents harsh/inconsistent in punishment, abusive
Cognitive- Distortions- make hostile attributi…
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Family Treatment ODD & CD
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Parent Training Programs
Functional Fam Therapy (FFT)- focus on role behavior serves in fam, how it's reinforced, attributions and assumptions
(Conduct) Parent Management Training (PMT)- parents taught to be consistent, predictable, how to discipline appropriately
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Cognitive Treatment ODD & CD
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goal to reduce distortions in thinking and deficiencies in problem solving that promote disruptive behavior
role play exercises often used to practice skills
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Multisystemic Treatment
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family based interventions with emphasis on parent problems, substance use, peer relationships, school performance, linking to community agencies
includes financial, housing, and employment support
combines treatments, shown to be affective
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Delirium
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"brain flu" disruptions in attn & changes in cognitive capacity (memory loss, disorientation, or language problems)
acute/quick onset, usually reversible
disorientated- not oriented x3 "person, place, time"
10-30% emergency room- forget recent events & can't focus attention
***Etiolog…
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Delirium Treatment
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can often be treated easily when cause is identified
many medical conditions linked
address cause, antipsychotic (low doses), familiar items/ppl, include patient in tx decisions
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Dementia
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"brain decay" cognitive deficits in dementia involve problems with memory, attention, language, concentration, judgment and problem solving
slow onset, usually irreversible
chronic, gets worse
4 etiologies: Dementia of Alzheimers, Vascular dementia, dementia due to parkinson's disease,…
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Alzheimer's Dementia
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gradual impairment of memory plus other cognitive dysfunctions, including impaired abilities (50-70% this type)
loose interest in non-rutine action
more socially extrovert
ALWAYS trouble w/ memory- new or/and old info
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Alzheimer Cognitive Impairments
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1. Aphasia- use language as symbols (forget common names of things)
2. Apraxia- perform motor tasks
3. Agnosia- recognize familiar objects
4. Executive Functioning - plan, organize, sequence, or abstract info. Create & execute plan- ex. go to grocery
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Vascular Dementia
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Progressive brain disorder involving loss of cognitive functioning, caused by blockage of blood flow to the brain, than appears concurrently to other neuro signs/sxs (20% of all dementia)
blood vessel issues, stoke onset, progressive
focal neurological signs, parietal lobe
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Dementia due to Parkinson's
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progressive neurological disorder involving severe problems in motor function
tremors, rigidity
bradykinesia, hypokinesia, akinesia
hypomimia- face being less expressive than usual
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Dementia due to Pick's
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frontotemporal dementia, earlier onset, personality and behavioral changes often severe- frontal lobe (effects particular parts)
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Explanations of Dementia
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twin studies show some genetic influence (75-88%)
four main genetic factors implicated:
1. Amyloid precursor protein- all have gene, some people have mutations
2. Apolipoprotein (APOE)- Specifically APOE-e4- problematic on chromosome 19 (at least 2), Alzheimer's 60%
3. presenilin 1 ge…
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Brain Changes of Dementia
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low levels of some NT's, high levels of L-glutamate
Neurofibrillary tangles (tau)- neurons structural support (tau molecules) disintegrates, come out, fall apart then make clumps in brain
Neuritic plaques- beta-amyloid proteins form deposits/build up
Atrophy- cell death occurs and brai…
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Treatment of Dementia
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cholinesterase inhibitors like donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine have moderate impact on decline
return the mto 6 months prior (end of life plans), expensive
prevent breakdown of acetoylcoline
Memantine- severe
L-dopa for Parkinsons
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Psychological Treatments for Dementia (5)
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Cognitive stimulation- may be preventative and is effective for delaying progression- keep brains active
Reminiscence Therapy- keep memories active
Memory Training- practice skills to compensate for los abilites (lists, maps, memory wallets)
Info 4 Caregivers- causes, treatment, financ…
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Amnestic Disorder
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disorientation in the ability to transfer info from short to long-term memory, in the absence of other dementia sxs
Etiology: med condition (head injury), long term effect of substance (alcohol--> Korsakoff's Syndrome- alcoholism interred w/ body metabolism instead of balanced diet)
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Retrograde Amenesia
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the ability to recall PAST memories (small portions of past, remember some)
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Anterograde Amnesia
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inability o form new memories- variable, may be dementia if age related
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Treatment of Amnestic
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memory aids- daily plans, lists, maps, memory books, support for fam members and caregivers
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Study Guide: Exam 4