PSYCH 2510: EXAM 2
70 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
---|---|
Anxiety
|
unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger, dread and psychological arousal
(normal for threatening/dangerous situation)
Freud laid foundation of anxiety
|
Fear
|
elative to anxiety, in which danger is an "actual" threat, or more specific
|
Anxiety Disorder
|
experiencing severe anxiety and fear in contexts that do not warrant such feelings, muscle tension
during minor threat, or no threat
anxiety is PRIMARY symptom
--also, A.D. high comorbidity- often develop more than 1 disorder if diagnosed
|
Panic Attack
|
discrete episode of acute terror in the absence of real danger - NOT diagnosis. cycle of hypervent & phys stressors
Uncued- out of no where
Situational Predisposed- predictable
Situational Bound- always in same situation
|
Agoraphobia
|
ear or wide open spaces or crowded places
not the fear of the place itself, but of possibly having a panic attack
can result in avoidance of situations
|
Panic Disorder
|
discrete episodes of intense terror (panic attacks) in the absence of real danger, causing ongoing distress or impairment
acute bursts of extreme anxiety
UNCUED PA
fear of PA can lead to Agoraphobia
"fearing fear itself"
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
|
(GAD)- Chronic, deliberating, pervasive anxiety or nervousness
no 'busts'- worried most of the time
worries are usually irrational - causes distress and interferes w/ functioning
|
Phobias
|
an intense, persistent, and irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
go out of way to avoid, even if disturbance
specific & social
|
Specific Phobia (4)
|
excessive, unreasonable fear
ex. snake phobia-- where can't walk in yard/go to park
Animal Phobias- self explanatory
Natural Environment Phobias- fear of heights/water/weather events
Blood Injection Injury Phobias- needles, med proced, harm 2 self
Situational phobias- for or specifi…
|
Social Phobia
|
fear of possibility of being observed, judged in public- think they will humiliate/embarrass themselves
often recognize fears are excessive
some avoid social situations all together
ex. having to go to store, speaking in front of others, interviews
|
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
|
an anxiety disorder in which distressing and unwanted thoughts lead to compulsive rituals that significantly interfere with daily functioning
obsessions & compulsions
|
Obsessions (4)
|
unwanted and upsetting THOUGHTS or IMPULSES
Doubt- (leaving front door open)
Need for order- shoe by size, food by expiration date
Aggression- intolerable thoughts about harming infant
Sexual Imagery- recurrent mental pictures of pornography
|
Compulsions
|
irrational RITUALS that are repeated in an effort to control or neutralize the anxiety brought on by obsessional thoughts
|
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
|
Frequent re-experiencing of a traumatic event through images, memories, nightmares, flashbacks, etc (MUST involve REAL/SERIOUS THREAT)
post-tramatic anxiety occurs more than one month after a traumatic experience
not everyone who has trauma gets this
|
Acute Stress Disorder
|
significant postraumatic anxiety sxs that occur (immediately after) within one month of a traumatic experience
|
Separation Anxiety Disorder
|
excessive anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures, usually parents
1/every 25 kids will meet diagnosis
extreme: can't be reassured
|
Anxiety: Biological Explanations
|
moderate genetic basis-- 30-40% of individuals vulnerability to develop disorders-- varies GREATLY with disorders
Amygdala & septal-hippo- phys/arousal, emotion, memories
NT's: GABA (inhibit nerve cells, may be deficient in ppl w/ anxiety),
Norepine (exessive phys symptoms of anxiety…
|
Behavioral Inhibition
|
withdraw from unfamiliar or new stimuli- may be predisposed from genetics
|
nxiety: Cognitive Factors
|
General misinterpretations-- fixating on perceived threats, seeing things negatively
|
Cognitive Distortions
|
Jumping to conclusions- negative thought patterns
Catastrophizing- assuming terrible but incorrect consequences
Emotional Reasoning- feelings always reflect how things really are (heart races= actual danger) or assumer everyone know how nervous you are
|
Anxiety: Family Explantaions
|
parental modeling of anxiety- stressors, trauma, disasters, crises
ex. overprotective parent- can unintentionally imply danger in situation
controlling, rejecting parents
--parents may model anxiety behaviors
may have to do w/ insecure/anxious/resistant attachment
|
Anxiety: Behavioral Explanations
|
classical & operant conditioning, and combo
Classical: 'trained' (unconditioned response/stimuli, conditioned response/stimuli)
Operant- rewards & punishment, reinforment -- i.e. avoidance is negatively reinforced because it removes people from feared unpleasant situations. people feel…
|
Anxiety: Psychodynamic Explanations
|
generally- high levels of anxiety arise from disrupted or inadequate early parent-child relationships
may lack sense of control b/c of this
sense of unpredictability regarding future events if that's threatened
|
Anxiety Treatments: Biological
|
Benzos- (Valium, Xanax, Ativan) enhance GABA addicting, no long term relief, could be lethal w/ other depressants
Antidepressants (SSRIs)= preferred treatment for most anxiety disorders (80% felt better)
|
Anxiety Treatment: Cognitive therapy (3)
|
teaches client that anxious feelings arise from problematic thoughts and maladaptive thought patterns (cognitive distortions)
CHALLENGE dysfunctional schemas/thoughts
Examine evidence- look realistically of what's happening in stead of assuming the negative in a situation
Test Hypot…
|
Anxiety Treatment: Behaviora
|
exposure based practices
systematic Desensitization & flooding
Exposure & response prevention (OCD)
|
Systematic Desensitization
|
gradually increasing exposure to a feared object
panic disorder: deliberate induction of physiological sensations of panic attack, to conduct systematic desensitization
|
Flooding
|
intensive exposure to a eared stimulus (Snake girl) - phobias
|
Exposure & Response Prevention
|
interrupts compulsions and negative reinforcement (OCD)
ex. contamination OCD- place hand in dirt and not allowed to wash
|
Moods (EPMP)
|
range from elevated to depressed, and include emotion, cognitive, motivational, and physical components
duration and intensity- important factors in determining psychopathology
unipolar- one mood disorder, 'just depression'
bipolar- two mood disorder 'depression + mania'
|
Major Depressive Episode
|
at least 2 weeks of depressed mood accompanied by a characteristic pattern of depressive symptom
symptoms nearly every day
|
Manic Episode
|
at least 1 week of elevated, euphoric or irritable accompanied by characterized pattern of manic symptoms
|
Mixed Episode
|
at least 1 week of a mixture of manic and depressive symptoms
|
Hypomanic Episode
|
at least 4 days of elevated, euphoric or irritable mood that is less severe than a manic episode
|
Major Depressive Disorder
|
occurrence of 1 or more major depressive episodes
NO mania, hypomanic, 1 major depressive episode (lifetime prevalence 17% of US Population)
women 2ce s likely to be diagnosed
|
Dysthemic Disorder
|
depression that is LESS servere but more chronic than a major depressive episode -- longer duration
-lasting at least 2 years in adults or 1 year in children and adolescents
--difference of SEVERITY
|
Bipolar 1 Disorder
|
Combo of manic and major depressive episodes (lifetime prevalence 1%)
normal mood, interrupt w/ mania & depression
|
Bipolar II Disorder
|
combo of HYPOMANIC and major depressive disorders
|
Suicide
|
Attempt- actual attempt to kill oneself
Ideation- thoughts about death, funerals, etc
|
Mood Disorders: Bio Explanation
|
genetics play a predisposing role in depression
-bipo- STRONGEST genetic component
Abnormal NT function w/ monoamines, mood regulation not amount neurotransmitters available, # of sites available takes time
|
Mood Disorders: Cognitive Explanation
|
negative thought process Beck's negative cognitive triad- neg view of self, world, future
learned helplessness - prolonged periods of helplessness in misfortune causes them to give up (dogs & shock) -- pessimistic
|
Mood Disorders: Psychodynamic Explanation
|
problematic relationships w/ caregivers and family- 1 parent depression can be huge factor for child, abandonment + parental criticism
early loss can be linked w/ depression
|
Mood Disorders: Bio Treatment
|
Antidepressants: Tricyclics, MAOIs, SSRIs (safer in 80/90s) all work by increasing monoamine levels
Lithium & other mood stabilizing drugs are most effective for bipolar disorders -- unpleasant side effects
Antidepressants may be no more effective than placebo, may increase suicide in…
|
Mood Disorders: Cognitive Therapy
|
record and evaluate negative automatic thoughts then challenge distortions, similar to anxiety disorders
|
Mood Disorders: Psychodynamic
|
focus on issues of loss, anger directed inward, problematic childhood experiences and relationships
|
Inter-Personal Therapy & Family Therapy
|
IPT: focuses on problematic relationships to coping w/ loss of relationships (good for mood!)
Family Therapy- helpful w/ depressed kids when parents are depressed
|
Substance
|
preferred term for psychoactive (brain effecting) drugs and alcohol
|
Substance Intoxication
|
experience of reversible condition due to the effect of a substance on the CNS
|
Substance Abuse
|
the repeated use of substances that lead to recurring problems
consequences and problems w/ substance use (DUI)
|
Substance Dependence
|
maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to either psychological dependence or significant impairment or distress
"Addiction"
attempts to stop that doesn't succeed
loss of control
|
Tolerance & Withdrawal
|
Tolerance- need for increasing amount, body's adaptation to substance
Withdrawal- physical, psychological or behavioral symptoms if use is decrease or stopped
|
Categories of Substances: Depressants
|
alcohol, benzo (valium), barbiturates, inhalants (glue)
S L O W or inhibit CNS, act on GABA (aroused)
make people relaxed/sleepy, reduce concentration and impair motor thinking skills
|
Categories of Substances: Stimulants
|
increase CNS-- produce feelings of optimism & energy
depressed may choose stimulant
caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, ritalin/adderall, amphetamines
|
Categories of Substances: Opioids
|
relieves pain and produces euphoria
opium poppy
morphine, heroin, codeine, methadone
|
Categories of Substances: Hallucinogens/ PCP
|
Hallucinogens- substances LSD, MDMA (ecstacy) and peyote
PCP- powder .. many on same effects as hallo, toxic and dangerous
|
Categories of Substances: Cannabis
|
marijuana- more widely used illegal drug in the world
some evidence for pain relief and appetite improvement for severe illness
happiness, humor, dream-like state
|
Substance Disorders: Explanations, Disease Model
|
Disease (MEdical) Model- dominant approach to explaining and treating substance use disorders today
argues that substance dependence is like other MEDICAL diseases
|
Substance Disorders: Explanations, Psychological Model
|
Psychological Model- views substance dependence as symptoms of underlying problem
|
Multiple Causality
|
idea that multiple components are useful (best approach)
-same as diathesis-stress model
|
Substance Disorders: Bio explanations
|
Genetics how easily metabolize, (adoption and twin studies show high correlations of dependence among family members) dopamine in mesolimibic POWERFUL REINFORCE effects (flood reward pathway)
|
Substance Disorders: Cognitive Explanations
|
Cognitive Distortions: positive expectancies- belief that substance use is better than it really is-- schemas are created that "support substance use"
|
Substance Disorders: Behavioral Explanations
|
Classical- learn by association (environmental cues w/ drug use)
Operant- positive reinforces for drugs, or negtaive w/ withdrawal symptoms
Modeling/Social learning - learned from family, peers, and media
|
Substance Disorders: FAmily Explanations
|
Co-dependency- family members unconsciously collude with or enable a family member's substance misuse
|
Substance Disorders: Psychodynamic Explanations
|
substance misuse as a symptom or result of other forces and problems within the client
ex. substance use viewed as maladaptive coping (or defense) strategy -- numb painful/emotion pain w/ something can't deal with
|
Motivational Interviewing
|
multimodal (different treatments) assessments and therapy method for enhancing motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence
opposite in tough love-- HIGH empathy, no confrontation
|
Substance Disorders: Bio Treatments (5)
|
Agonists- safer but similar subtance provided in monitored setting (methadone for heroin)
Antagonists- reduce cravings, not as pleasurable (monthly injection- get sick w/ alcohol)
Partial Agosnists- can act flexibly as either 1 or 2, depening on NT production
Aversives- make use comf…
|
Substance Disorders: Cognitive Treatment
|
challenging and changing distorted cogntive schemas, building coping skills- changing expectancies
challenges what they say i.e. "user and always will be"
BUILD POSITIVE coping statements: "I can recover"
|
Substance Disorders: Behavioral Treatment
|
skills training- recognizing trigger and risks
Contingency Management- program that involved reinforcements and punishments to shape behavior ( expensive, long term debatable)
---reward healthy behavior & punish for those that don't behave
|
Substance Disorders: Family Therapy
|
avoids focus on 'identified patient' examines larger family dynamic instead
establishes appropriate roles
|
Self Help Groups (12 Step)
|
combines principles of many theoretical approaches with a spiritual emphasis
group format encourages charing and sense of community
sponsonred by 1 person
|