PSYCH 2510: EXAM 1
71 Cards in this Set
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Supernatural Model
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Belief that Demons, Gods, spirits were responsible for human psychological issues
exorcisms, beatings, to "treat"
goal was to make devil to not want to stay in poor host
TODAY: disorder punishment for evil deeds- ex. Hurricane was "divine punishment", AIDS epidemic
--trepanning used …
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Hippocrates
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EXCEPTION: Hippocrates thought it was the brain (medical model)
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"Ship of Fools"
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sent out ' crazies' & criminals that were thought to have a 'bad spirit' until found another port
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Phillipe Pinel
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-- worked to change asylum conditions
-- better conditions ended up HELPING the people more
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Mental Disorder
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group of emotional (feelings), cognitive (thinking) or behavioral symptoms that can cause distress or significant problems
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Abnormal Psychology
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Study of troublesome feelings, thoughts and behaviors associated with mental disorders.
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Three D's: Deviate
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(most controversial) Does the person deviate from social norms specifically? Problems w/ this: social standpoints of "normal" may be misused
ex. Disagree w/ people of power --> into mental inst.
ex. Drapetomania- slaves that ran from slavery (scientific racism)
ex. behavior that's com…
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Three D's: Dysfunctional
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negative consequences to persons behavior-- i.e. (depression)
ex. can't get up for class/work
socially isolated
can lose job, fall out of school
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Three D's: Distress
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is the person suffering? (can be normal w/ bad grade/ loved one passing)
ex. Anti-Social Personality- no regards to rights of other people, doesn't care
ex. Suicidal
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Primary Prevention
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"Pre" problem, before the problem develops
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Secondary Prevention
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"early" problem, the beginning of the issue
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Tertiary Prevention
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"post" problem, problem is/was there, goal to keep from coming worse
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Public Stigma
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general NEGATIVE beliefs about mental disorders
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Self Stigma
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NEGATIVE feelings of oneself because of the public stigma attached to mental disorders
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The Biological Model
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Brain & physical processes-- focuses on genetic contribution to disorders
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Emil Kraepelin
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early contributor to bio mod
developed psychiatric classifications (bipolar, schizophrenia)
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Heritability
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the amount of variable in characteristics due to genetic factors
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Neuron
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communicate w/ each other using neurotransmitters, chemical messengers that cross the synapse
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Synapse
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Small gap b/w neurons
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Neurotransmitter
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chemical messengers that cross the synapse
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Reuptake
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when unused neurotransmitters are reabsorbed and recycled
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How Medications Work
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medications can either:
block re-uptake to increase neurotransmitters
block synapses to decrease neurotransmitters
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Serotonin (MSLD)
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DEPRESSION= LOW serotonin levels
regulation of mood, sleep, learning, depression
Prozac- ^ serotonin levels
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Norepinephrine
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STRESS & MANIA = ^ Nore levels
Depression LOW Nore levels
regulates sleep states, mood, behavior
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Dopamine
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sociability, pleasure, motivation, reward, coordination, voluntary movement
stimulant drugs: ACTIVATE dopamine levels
ex. schizophrenia -- HIGH dopamine levels
ex. parkinson's -- LOW dopamine levels
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GABA
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Anxiety- LOW GABA levels
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Corpus callosum
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connects 2 hemis, allows communication to b/w left/right side of the brain
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Right hemisphere
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controls left side, involved in the determination of spatial relations & patterns, and is involved in emotion & intuition
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Left Hemisphere
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controls right half of body, responsible for analitical thinking and speech
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Cortical Lobes: Frontal
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FRONT of brain (duh)
controls movement (motor skills), planning, organizing, decision making, inhibiting behavior or responses
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Cortical Lobes: Occipital
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associated w/ VISION (behind parietal and temporal, 'back')
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Cortical Lobes: Parietal
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Associated w/ sensation of touch (behind frontal lobe)
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Cortical Lobes: Temporal
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Cortical Lobes: Temporal
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Limbic System
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Regulates emotions & impulses--
Sex, Thirst & Aggression
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Psychodynamic Model
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Freud-- internal personality characteristics
Childhood experiences
Unconscious human behavior
Defense mechanisms (control anx/stress)
Things we do have meaning (psychic determinism)
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Structural Model (IES)
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ID- pleasure tasks: attain gratificaion of wants, needs and impulses (unconscious, says YES)
Ego- Reality Tasks: moderates b/w 2, (voice of reason internalizes rules, conscious)
Superego: Morality Tasks- develop conscious, block ID & says no (conscious)
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Defense Mechanisms
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block from anxiety/stress, bad when overused
Treatment-- Goal to develop INSIGHT/ understanding
Interpretations are used (of the defense mech being used) to help client develop insight
Transference- patient issues transfer to therapist (good thing)
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Denial
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refusing to acknowledge or accept reality
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Rationalization
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developing specific reason for an action
i.e.-- why one did not purchase a car
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Repression
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keeping highly sexual or aggressive material from conscious
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Projection
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attributing one's own unacceptable motives or impulses to another person
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Humanistic Model
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people strive for personal growth & fulfillment
choice, responsibility, free will
Treatment:
Unconditional Positive Regard- needed in childhood & during lifespan, to achieve self-actualization
Client-centered theory- non directive, focus on positive regard & strengths. Empathy & act…
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Cognitive- Behavioral Model
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"Behavior is learned". Cognitive- thoughts are the problem (phobias)
Classical- man bit, afraid of dogs, fears dogs
Operant Conditioning- rewards & punishment
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Schemas
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beliefs/expectations that represent a network of accumulated knowledge
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Cognitive Distortions
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irrational, inaccurate thoughts people have about environmental events
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CB Treatments: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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large collection of treatment techniques that changes patterns of thinking and behavior that contributes to a person's problems
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CB Treatments: Rational Restructuring
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sometimes people perceive their world and make assumptions in ways that lead to problematic behavior
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CB Treatments: Desensitization
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"prep work", relaxing patient and slowly and carefully working up to exposure
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CB Treatments: Exposure
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directly confronting feared stimulus (snake girl)
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Sociocultural Perspective
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Emphasizes environment (social and culture factors in the development of psych disorders)
ex. anorexia- western culture
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Family Systems Perspective
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dynamics and rules w/in groups are often maintained even when problematic
- Homeostasis stability- change gets pulled back so no change, even if bad
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Biopsychosocial Model
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acknowledge all models and factors- different factors can be more prominent
biological (genetic, brain changes)
psychological (thought, emotional changes)
social (family, societal)
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Diathesis-Stress Model
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disorders caused by an interaction between vulnerability (diathesis) to mental disorder & stress
vulnerability can include- underlying traits, temperament, genetic/bio predispositions, early childhood trauma, poor skills, thought patterns, cultural and family factors
stress-preciptatin…
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Epidemiology (IPL)
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Incidence- new cases of a mental disorder within a timeframe (current)
Prevalence- all cases of a mental disorder (new and existing) within a lifetime
Lifetime prevalence- the proportion of people in a population who have ever had a disorder in their lives
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Co-morbidity
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more than one mental disorder (2 different)
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46%..
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of all people in the US have had a mental disorder in their llfetime
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Median age of onset for a mental disorder...
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is 14 years
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Mental disorders are the leading cause of...
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disability
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Risk Factors
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men at risk for substance & anti-personality disorder
women at risk for anxiety & mood disorders
general risk factors: low SEC, divorce/seperations
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Protective Factors (Resilience)
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ability to withstand disorders
a PROCESS, not usually trait occurs w/ protecting factors and social support
general: programs,
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Diagnosis
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process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder
--to qualify several abnormal behaviors must be present and they must cause significant problems
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DSM
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system for classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders
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Criticisms of DSM- 4
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overdiagnosis - encourages use
power of labels- cause change in behavior in ppl
diagnosis of social control- use disorder to control (drapetomania, hypersexuality)
social construction-drug companies, etc
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Axes
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Clinical Disorders
personality disorders and mental retardation
general medical conditions
psychosocial and environmental problems
global assessment of functioning
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Assessment
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systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder
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Assessments: Interviews
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structured/unctruc, most common, set of questions to elicit info
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Assessments: Intelligence Tests
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intellectual strengths and weaknesses, cognitive aspects, in military, "gifted" children
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Assessments: Personality
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MMP1-2, standardized questions
Projected tests: (idea ppl will project needs, conflicts/ personality into ambiguous stimuli)
Rorschach- inkblot test, things you see must be projected from thoughts b/c not clear immage
TAT- given picture, asked to tell story about 'hero' -- needs will…
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Assessments: Behavioral
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examining what comes before and after behavior-- natural (watching someone) /controlled (couple problem solve), self-monitoring (keeping a thought record)
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Assessments: Biological
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scans
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Assessments: Neuropsychological
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tests that evaluate brain behavior relationships (man w/ brain damage picture)
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Study Guide: Exam 4