Study Guide: Final Exam
72 Cards in this Set
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Thought causes of psychological disorders
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Movements of sun or moon evil spirits, demons, witchcraft religion
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Ancient treatments of psychological disorders
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Exorcism thrown in cages (like animals) beaten burned castrated mutilated blood replaced with animals blood
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Psychological disorder
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A conditions in which behavior is judged
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Atypical psychological disorder
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Deviates from what is acceptable
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Disturbing psychological disorder
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The disorder varies with time and culture
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Unjustifiable psychological disorder
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The subject does something for no good reason
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Maladaptive psychological disorder
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Is harmful, distressing, interferes with effective functioning.
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Anxiety disorders
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Disorders characcterized by distressing, persistant anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
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Generalized anxiety disorder
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Unexplainably and continually tense and anxious
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Panic disorder
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Intense fear that something horrible is about to happen (lasts several minutes)
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Phobia
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Persistant, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Unwanted repetative thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
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Somatoform disorder
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...
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Somatoform disorders
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Physical health problems that have psychological rather than physical causes. (often patients aren't that upset by condition because disorder provides psychological advantages)
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four kinds of somatoform disorders
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somatization disorders hypcholdriasis somatoform pain disorders coversion disorder
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somatization disorders
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chronic pains, aches, tiredness dangerous measures to seek relief
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hypchondriasis
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milder form preoccupation with health
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somatoform pain disorders
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similar, but pain is primary symptom
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conversion disorders
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blindness, deafness, paralysis, seizures. symptoms often not medically possible.
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dissociative disorders
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conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts and feelings.
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three kinds of dissociative disorders
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dissociate amnesia dissociative fugue dissociative identity disorder
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dissociate amnesia
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selective memory loss often brought on by extreme stress.
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dissociative fugue
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flight from one's home and identity accompanies amnesia
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dissociative identity disorder
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rare dissociation disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalitites.
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mood disorders
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characterized by emotional extremes
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two types of mood disorders
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major depressive disorder bipolar disorder
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major depressive disorder
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a person, perhaps for no reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings or worthlessness and diminished interest of pleasure in most activities.
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bipolar disorder
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a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state).
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schizophernia
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literal translation "split mind" a severe psychotic (loss of contact with reality) disorder characterized by: delusional and disordered thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and interactions
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delusions
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false beliefs, often of: persecution grandeur reference
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disordered thinking
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thoughts are disorganized and bizarre
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disturbed perceptions
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hallucinations false sensory experiences
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inappropriate emotions or actions
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emotions fluctuate repidly, or may become blunted unusual actions that have special meaning may become cataleptic, or exhibit waxy flexability
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contributor to schizophrenia
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biological and psychosocial
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biological contributors to schizophrenia
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overactivity of neurotransmitters brain damage and function ventricles in brain enlarged and filled with fluid in some schizophrenics. genetics some people may inherit a predisposing vulnerability.
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psychosocial contributions to schizophrenia
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stress can trigger an outbreak family communication high level of criticism, hostility, contradictory messages.
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personality disorders
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inflexable and enduring behavior patterns and personalities that impair social functioning. develop in childhood, onset in adolescence/early adulthood
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antisocial personality disorder
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one (usually male) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members.
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clinical psychology
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field of psychology focusing on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of abnormal behavior.
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boulder model
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integration of science and practice with ultimate goal of clinical utility.
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psychiatrists vs. psychologists
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psychiatrists: have M.D., perscribe drugs, endorse medical model psychologists: have Ph.D., don't perscribe drugs, endorse biopsychosocial model
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medical model
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perspective that abnormal behavior reflects a type of physical or mental illness/disease. can be cured through treatment including therapy and use of drugs.
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biopsychosocial
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perpective that abnormal behavior can be treated by understanding the biological, pschological, and social factors at work.
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psychotherapy
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a planned, emotionally charged, confiding interaction between a trained, socially sanctioined healer and a sufferer.
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humanistic therapies
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we all have the potential to become unique and valuable people. problems result when an individuals normal growth potential is blocked. this creates a defective self-concept when obsticles are removed, one can become a genuine, self-accepting person. we are essentially responsible for sol…
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client-centered therapy
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carl rogers explores thoughts and feelings to obtain insights into causes of behavior fucus is on encouraging healthyemotional experiences by using four qualities of communication. empathy help explore feelings further unconditional positive regard genuine caring genuineness feelings of t…
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cognitive therapies
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faulty thought processes and beliefs cause problem behaviors and emotions self-talk is the key : things people say to themselves when they interpret events.
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rational emotive therapy
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albert ellis ABC model: activating event -> belief -> consequent emotion
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psychoanalysis
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to bring unconscious conflicts, usually from childhood, into consciousness. patients learns that conditions that caused conflict no longer exist. permits a release of tension and anxiety
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method of psychoanalysis
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free association interpretation dream analysis interpretation of tranference
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behavior therapies
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techniques based on learning principles that are used to change maladaptive behaviors.
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big difference between client-centered therapy and rational emotive therapy
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don't attempt to help client understand feelings or change thought process. focus on the problem behavior itself, rather than underlying causes.
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biological therapies
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based on medcical model electroconvulsive therapy - can produce changes in neural transmission systems, biochemical balance of the brain. drug therapy - use of chemicals to alter emotions and behavior antidepressant drugs increase serotonin and norepinephrine antipsychotic drugs blocks do…
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eclectic approach
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therapy in which a therapist uses a combination of approaches to find the appropriate treatment
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Seligman found five things about the effectiveness of psychotherapy
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long-term is better than short-term sessions therapy with medication is no better than just therapy no type of therapy was better than another freedom to choose therapists resulted in more improvement psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers were equally good, and all were better …
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social psychology
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the branch of psychology that studies how the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied, presence of others.
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conformity
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individuals change their behavior because of real or imagined pressure from others
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informational conformity
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we confirm because we think the group has more information, knows the right answer.
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normative conformity
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we confrom to be part of the group, to be liked by the group, or to not be rejected by the group.
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the big difference between informational and normative conformity
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private acceptance
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compliance
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occurs when we agree to a request or offer made by another person. direct of implied request.
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three examples of compliance
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reciprocity social proof scarcity
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reciprocity
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free samples, returning to favor
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social proof
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"biggest selling," "fastest growing"
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scarcity
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"limited time only"
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persuasion
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convinces someone of the merits of a position by presenting arguments
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attitudes
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a global and enduring positive or negative evaluation
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associations
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seeing a realitonship between two things
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implicit attitudes
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attitudes held outside of conscious awareness.
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obedience
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acquiesce to a demand made of you.
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conclusion to social influence
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others influence us in many ways, not all are positive
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the big conclusion
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power of the situation
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Study Guide: Final Exam