Study Guide: Exam 1
95 Cards in this Set
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Central Nervous System (CNS)
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all parts of the nervous system enclosed in bone
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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all parts of the nervous system external to brain and spinal cord
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Autonomic Nervous System
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has 2 categories;
sympathetic and parasympathetic
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Somatic Nervous System
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skeletal nerves
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sympathetic
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is the spinal cord only and controls fight/flight responses
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parasympathetic
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is the cranial nerves and spinal cord and is dominant after the stressor
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Spinal Cord
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dorsal vs. ventral root
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Dorsal Root
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Dorsal Root
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Ventral Root
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Motor nerves (ab side)
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Meninges
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Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater
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Dura Mater
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tough, flexible, outer layer (hard mother)
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Arachnoid
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(spider-web) middle layer. Subarachnoid space- filled with CSF
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Pia Mater
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inner, soft layer
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3 ways to slice the nervous system
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Sagital, Horizontal, Coronal
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Sagital
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perpendicular to ground when facing body, midsaggital divides the brain into two halves
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Horizontal
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parallel to the ground
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Coronal
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perpendicular to the ground when facing side
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Olfactory
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I. Sensory
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Optic
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II. Sensory
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Oculomotor
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III. Motor
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Trochlear
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IV. Motor
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Trigeminal
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V. Both
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Abducens
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VI. Motor
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Facial
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VII. Both
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Vestibulocochlear
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VIII. Sensory
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Glossopharyngeal
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IX. Both
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Vagus
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X. Both
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Spinal Accessory
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XI. Motor
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Hypoglossal
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XII. Both
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3 Parts of the Brain
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Cortex, Brainstem, Cerebellum
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Cerebral Cortex
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a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum
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Cerebral Cortex
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a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum
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Cerebellum
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Dedicated to movement
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Brainstem
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Medulla, pons, midbrain. Vital to life, not personality
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The 4 Lobes of the Brain
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Parietal, Frontal, Occipital, Temporal
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Temporal Lobe
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MEMORY AND HEARING
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Occipital Lobe
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VISION
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Parietal Lobe
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TOUCH, body awareness
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Frontal Lobe
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DECISION MAKING
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Sylvian Fissure
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Horizontally separates temporal lobe
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Central Sulcus
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Laterally separates the frontal and parietal lobes
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Calcarine fissure
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divides the occipital lobe in half
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Precentral gyrus
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Frontal; Motor
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Postcentral gyrus
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Parietal; Sensory
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Ventricular System
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Series of chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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two main functions: acts as shock absorber, provides an excange medium between blood and brain.
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Choroid plexus
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stringy, makes CSF
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4 Ventricals
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2 lateral, 1 third, and 1 fourth
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Neurons
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Nerve cells, primary sites for electrochemical communication that will eventually translate into behavior
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Glial Cells
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10 to 1 ratio. Involved with Cancer. Neural transmission and structure support
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Parts of the Neuron
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Cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminals
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Axons
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send electrical signals.
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Axon Terminals
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site of neurochemical release.
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Dendrites
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receptors which receive information
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4 Kinds of Glial Cells
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astrocyte, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells
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Astrocyte
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star shaped. Receive neuronal input and monitor activity. Get information from the neurons. Don't know how they communicate with neurons. Receive information from capillaries and neurons.
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Microglia
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small cells that remove debris from injured cells. Clean up crew. Injuries
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Oligodendrocytes
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glial cells that form myelin sheath in the CNS
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Schwann Cells
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Provide myelin to cells in the PNS
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3 structural types of neurons
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- Multipolar Neurons
- Bipolar Neurons
- Monopolar Neurons
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Multipolar Neurons
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possesses a single axon and many dendrites. constitute majority of the neurons in the brain. dendrites connected to cell body and axon.
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Bipolar Neuron
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detect and signal changes within the nervous system. dendrites connected to axon and cell body
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Monopolar Neuron
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Two axons, dendrites only connected to axon. Rapid decision making
Bipolar Neuron
monopolar neuron
multipolar neuron
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3 Functional Types of Neurons
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- Motor Neurons
- Sensory Neurons
- interneurons
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Motor Neurons
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contact muscles or glands
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Sensory Neurons
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respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch.
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Interneurons
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receive input from and send input to other neuro
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The Neuron at Rest
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resting potential kept by Pottasium (K)
average resting potential= -60 mV
K channels are always open to allow K to come into the cell
K moves to negative interior of the cell due to electrostatic pressure; K diffues out of the cell when excess K inside
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The Neuron in Action
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if enought Na flows into cell to make it more positive and reach threshold (-40), action potential will occur
an action potential causes Na gated channels to open and allows Na to flow into the cell making it more positive until it reaches about +40 (depolarization)
at +40, gated K chan…
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Importance of Myelin Sheath for Neurons in action
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axons work best for action potential because the fat that covers the axons keeps the current from dissipating or back-firing. insulates and speeds conduction
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hyperpolarization
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is an increase in membrane potential, caused by inhibitory messages, which puts it farther away from zero.
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depolarization
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is a decrease in membrane potential caused by excitatory messages, bringing it closer to zero.
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
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produces a small, local depolarization, pushing cell closer to threshold
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP
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produces a small hyperpolarization, pushing cell farther from firing; occurs when Cl- entering the cell
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Temporal Summation
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Summing of potentials that arrive at the axon hillock at different times; the closer together in time they arrive, the greater the summation and possibility of action potential
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Spatial Summation
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Summing of potentials that come from different parts of the cell; if overal sum of EPSPs & IPSPs can depolarize the cell at the axon hillock, an action potential will occur
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Ligands
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Fit receptors & activate or block them; two types
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Endogenous Ligands
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neurotransmitters and hormones
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Exogenous Ligands
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drugs and toxins from outside the body
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Effects of ligand-binding
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Agonist, Antagonist, or Inverse Agonist
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Agonist
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Initiates the normal effects of the receptor
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Antagonist
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Blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands
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Inverse Agonist
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Initiates an opposite effect of the receptor's normal function
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Ionotropic Receptors
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Open when bound by transmitter (ligand-gated channel)
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Metabotropic Receptors
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Recognize the transmitter but instead activate G Proteins
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The sequence of transmission
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1. Action potential travels down the axon to the axon terminal
2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open and calcium ions (Ca2+) enter.
3. Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release transmitter into the cleft.
4. Transmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors – cause an EPSP or IPSP.
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Phantom Limb Syndrome
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Somatosensory Cortex – Representation of the entire body in the mind.
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Blind Sight
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Occipital lobe is damaged, but superior colliculus is not damaged; see movement but not the object;
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Motion Blindness
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If superior colliculus is damaged, with occipital lobe not damaged, it would be like seeing a series of pictures
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Visual Neglect
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Parietal lobe damaged, and spatial interpretation is warped based on the side of the brain damaged (cross-see)
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Visual Pathways
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How Pathway & What Pathway
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How Pathway
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Involved in navigation
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What Pathway
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Recognition and what it means.
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Capgras Delusion
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Delusions of impostors; Pathway to amygdala severed leading to lack of emotion; that person holds no emotion to the patient therefore must be some kind of impostor.
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Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
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Overstimulation of emotion; group of neurons fire quickly and sporadically. Intense religious episodes; too many fibers connected to amygdala which causes patient to apply significance to everyday sights.
Frontal Lobe; Precentral Gyrus; Central Sulcus; Postcentral Gyrus; Parietal Lobe; O…
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Study Guide: Exam 1