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Study Guide: Exam 1
Central Nervous System (CNS) |
all parts of the nervous system enclosed in bone |
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
all parts of the nervous system external to brain and spinal cord |
Autonomic Nervous System
|
has 2 categories;
sympathetic and parasympathetic |
Somatic Nervous System |
skeletal nerves |
sympathetic |
is the spinal cord only and controls fight/flight responses |
parasympathetic |
is the cranial nerves and spinal cord and is dominant after the stressor |
Spinal Cord
|
dorsal vs. ventral root
|
Dorsal Root |
Dorsal Root |
Ventral Root |
Motor nerves (ab side) |
Meninges |
Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater |
Dura Mater |
tough, flexible, outer layer (hard mother) |
Arachnoid
|
(spider-web) middle layer. Subarachnoid space- filled with CSF
|
Pia Mater |
inner, soft layer |
3 ways to slice the nervous system
|
Sagital, Horizontal, Coronal
|
Sagital |
perpendicular to ground when facing body, midsaggital divides the brain into two halves |
Horizontal |
parallel to the ground |
Coronal |
perpendicular to the ground when facing side |
Olfactory |
I. Sensory |
Optic |
II. Sensory |
Oculomotor |
III. Motor |
Trochlear |
IV. Motor |
Trigeminal |
V. Both |
Abducens
|
VI. Motor
|
Facial
|
VII. Both
|
Vestibulocochlear
|
VIII. Sensory
|
Glossopharyngeal
|
IX. Both
|
Vagus
|
X. Both
|
Spinal Accessory |
XI. Motor |
Hypoglossal |
XII. Both |
3 Parts of the Brain |
Cortex, Brainstem, Cerebellum |
Cerebral Cortex |
a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum |
Cerebral Cortex |
a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum |
Cerebellum |
Dedicated to movement |
Brainstem |
Medulla, pons, midbrain. Vital to life, not personality |
The 4 Lobes of the Brain |
Parietal, Frontal, Occipital, Temporal |
Temporal Lobe |
MEMORY AND HEARING |
Occipital Lobe |
VISION |
Parietal Lobe
|
TOUCH, body awareness
|
Frontal Lobe |
DECISION MAKING |
Sylvian Fissure |
Horizontally separates temporal lobe |
Central Sulcus |
Laterally separates the frontal and parietal lobes |
Calcarine fissure |
divides the occipital lobe in half |
Precentral gyrus |
Frontal; Motor |
Postcentral gyrus |
Parietal; Sensory |
Ventricular System |
Series of chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
two main functions: acts as shock absorber, provides an excange medium between blood and brain. |
Choroid plexus |
stringy, makes CSF |
4 Ventricals |
2 lateral, 1 third, and 1 fourth |
Neurons
|
Nerve cells, primary sites for electrochemical communication that will eventually translate into behavior
|
Glial Cells |
10 to 1 ratio. Involved with Cancer. Neural transmission and structure support |
Parts of the Neuron
|
Cell body, dendrites, axon, axon terminals
|
Axons |
send electrical signals. |
Axon Terminals
|
site of neurochemical release.
|
Dendrites |
receptors which receive information |
4 Kinds of Glial Cells |
astrocyte, Microglia, Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells |
Astrocyte |
star shaped. Receive neuronal input and monitor activity. Get information from the neurons. Don't know how they communicate with neurons. Receive information from capillaries and neurons. |
Microglia |
small cells that remove debris from injured cells. Clean up crew. Injuries |
Oligodendrocytes
|
glial cells that form myelin sheath in the CNS
|
Schwann Cells |
Provide myelin to cells in the PNS |
3 structural types of neurons
|
- Multipolar Neurons
- Bipolar Neurons
- Monopolar Neurons |
Multipolar Neurons |
possesses a single axon and many dendrites. constitute majority of the neurons in the brain. dendrites connected to cell body and axon. |
Bipolar Neuron |
detect and signal changes within the nervous system. dendrites connected to axon and cell body |
Monopolar Neuron
|
Two axons, dendrites only connected to axon. Rapid decision making
Bipolar Neuron
monopolar neuron
multipolar neuron |
3 Functional Types of Neurons
|
- Motor Neurons
- Sensory Neurons
- interneurons |
Motor Neurons |
contact muscles or glands |
Sensory Neurons |
respond to environmental stimuli, such as light, odor, or touch. |
Interneurons |
receive input from and send input to other neuro |
The Neuron at Rest
|
resting potential kept by Pottasium (K)
average resting potential= -60 mV
K channels are always open to allow K to come into the cell
K moves to negative interior of the cell due to electrostatic pressure; K diffues out of the cell when excess K inside |
The Neuron in Action
|
if enought Na flows into cell to make it more positive and reach threshold (-40), action potential will occur
an action potential causes Na gated channels to open and allows Na to flow into the cell making it more positive until it reaches about +40 (depolarization)
at +40, gated K channels open, causing the cell to hyperpolarize and reach resting potential again |
Importance of Myelin Sheath for Neurons in action |
axons work best for action potential because the fat that covers the axons keeps the current from dissipating or back-firing. insulates and speeds conduction |
hyperpolarization |
is an increase in membrane potential, caused by inhibitory messages, which puts it farther away from zero. |
depolarization |
is a decrease in membrane potential caused by excitatory messages, bringing it closer to zero. |
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) |
produces a small, local depolarization, pushing cell closer to threshold |
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP |
produces a small hyperpolarization, pushing cell farther from firing; occurs when Cl- entering the cell |
Temporal Summation |
Summing of potentials that arrive at the axon hillock at different times; the closer together in time they arrive, the greater the summation and possibility of action potential |
Spatial Summation |
Summing of potentials that come from different parts of the cell; if overal sum of EPSPs & IPSPs can depolarize the cell at the axon hillock, an action potential will occur |
Ligands |
Fit receptors & activate or block them; two types |
Endogenous Ligands |
neurotransmitters and hormones |
Exogenous Ligands |
drugs and toxins from outside the body |
Effects of ligand-binding |
Agonist, Antagonist, or Inverse Agonist |
Agonist |
Initiates the normal effects of the receptor |
Antagonist |
Blocks the receptor from being activated by other ligands |
Inverse Agonist |
Initiates an opposite effect of the receptor's normal function |
Ionotropic Receptors |
Open when bound by transmitter (ligand-gated channel) |
Metabotropic Receptors |
Recognize the transmitter but instead activate G Proteins |
The sequence of transmission
|
1. Action potential travels down the axon to the axon terminal
2. Voltage-gated calcium channels open and calcium ions (Ca2+) enter.
3. Synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release transmitter into the cleft.
4. Transmitters bind to postsynaptic receptors – cause an EPSP or IPSP.
5. EPSPs or IPSPs spread toward the postsynaptic axon hillock.
6. Transmitter is inactivated or removed – action is brief.
7. Transmitter may be bound by presynaptic autoreceptors, decreasing release. |
Phantom Limb Syndrome |
Somatosensory Cortex – Representation of the entire body in the mind. |
Blind Sight |
Occipital lobe is damaged, but superior colliculus is not damaged; see movement but not the object; |
Motion Blindness |
If superior colliculus is damaged, with occipital lobe not damaged, it would be like seeing a series of pictures |
Visual Neglect |
Parietal lobe damaged, and spatial interpretation is warped based on the side of the brain damaged (cross-see) |
Visual Pathways |
How Pathway & What Pathway |
How Pathway |
Involved in navigation |
What Pathway |
Recognition and what it means. |
Capgras Delusion |
Delusions of impostors; Pathway to amygdala severed leading to lack of emotion; that person holds no emotion to the patient therefore must be some kind of impostor. |
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy |
Overstimulation of emotion; group of neurons fire quickly and sporadically. Intense religious episodes; too many fibers connected to amygdala which causes patient to apply significance to everyday sights.
Frontal Lobe; Precentral Gyrus; Central Sulcus; Postcentral Gyrus; Parietal Lobe; Occipital Lobe; Cerebellum; Temporal Lobe; Sylvian Fissure; Olfactory Bulb |