PSYC 4130: Test 1
58 Cards in this Set
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Psyche
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Greek for soul, which referred to the mental and emotional aspect of a person. Current connotations point at a person's incorporeal identity- a non physical but essential part of that person
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Psychology
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The study of the mind
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Components of mind (3)
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Thoughts
Feelings/Emotions
Voluntary (non-reflexive) Behaviors
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Unconscious (3)
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Composed of superego, Ego, and Id
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Preconscious
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Superego and ego
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Conscious
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super ego and ego
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Dualism
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Mind and body are not completely identical. They're made of different stuff. You have a physical and nonphysical aspect
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Monism
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Mind and body are made of the same stuff
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Mentalistic Monism
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The body is a product of the mind
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Materialistic Monism
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The mind is a product of the body
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What is the philosophical basis of neuroscience?
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Materialistic monism, or the scientific study of the brain and behavior
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Empirical Justification of Materialistic Monism (3)
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Mental states can be altered by physical manipulations.
1) Brain Damage
2) Psychotropic Drug Effects
3) Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
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Blindsight
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The ability ability of a person who cannot see objects in his or her blind field to accurately reach for them while remaining unconscious of perceiving them, caused by damage to the mammalian visual system of the brain
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Difference between primitive and mammalian visual systems
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Mammalian visual systems are more complex while the primitive system involve basic motor functions such as eye and head movement
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Unilateral neglect
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A syndrome in which people ignore objects located toward their lef and the lefside of objects located anywhere; most often caused by damage to the right parietal lobe
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Generalization
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Type of scientific explanation; a general conclusion based on many observatiosn of similar phenomena
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Reduction
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A type of scientific explanation; a phenomenon is described in terms of the more elementary processes that underlie it.
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Reflex
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An automatic, stereotyped movement that is produced as the direct result of a stimulus
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Model
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A mathematical or physcial analogy for a physciological process; for example, computers have been used as model for various functions of the brain
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Doctrine of specific nerve energies
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Mullers conclusions that because all never fivers carry the same type of message, sensory info must be specified by the particular nerve fibers that are active
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Functionalism
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The principle that the bst way to understand a biological phenomenon is to try to understand its useful functions for the organisms
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Natural selection
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The process by which inheritied traits that comfer a selective advatage become more prevalent in a population
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Mutation
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A change in the genetic info contained in the chromososmes of sperm or eggs, which can be passed on to an organisms offspring: provides genetic variability
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Selective advatage
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A characteristic of an organism that permits to produce more than the average number of offspring of its species
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Evolution
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Gradual change in the structure and physiology of plant and animal species- generally producing more complex organisms- as a result of natural selection
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Behavioral neuroscientist
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A scientist who studies the physiology of behavior, primariliy by performing physiological and behavioral experiments with laboratory animals
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Sensory neuron
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A neuron that detects changes in the external or internal env and sends info about these changes to the CNS
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Motor neuron
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A neuron located within the CNS that controls the contraction of a muscle or the secretion of a gland
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Interneuron
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A neuron located entirely within the CNS
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CNS
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the brain and spinal cord
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PNS
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The part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord, including the nerves attached to the brain and spinal cord
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Soma
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The cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus
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Dendrite
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A branched, treelike structure attached to the soma of a neuron; receives info from the terminal buttons of other neurons
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Synapse
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A junction between the terminal button of an axon and the membrane of another neuron
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Axon
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The long, thin, cylindrical structure that conveys information from the soma of a neuron to its terminal buttons
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Terminal button
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The bud at the end of a branch of an axon; forma synapses with another neuron; sends info to that neuron
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Neurotransmitter
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A chemical that is released by a terminal button; has an excitatory or inhibitory effect on another neuron
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Membrane
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A structure consisting principally of lipid molecules that defines the outer boundaries of a cell and also constitutes many of the cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus
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Glia
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The supporting cells of the CNS
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Astrocyte
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A glial cell that provides support for neurons of the CNS, probides nutrients and other substances and regulates the chemical composition of the extracellular fluid
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Phagocytosis
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The process by which cells engulf and digest other cells or debris caused by cellular degeneration
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Oligodendrocytes
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A type of glial cell in the CNS that forms myelin sheaths
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Microglia
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Smallest of the glial cells, act as phagocytes and protect the brain from invading microorganisms
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Schwann cell
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a cell in the PNS that is wrapped around a myelinated axon, provding one segment of its myelin sheath
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Blood-brain barrier
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A semipermeable barrier between the blood and the brain produced by the cells in teh walls of the brain's capillaries
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Membrane potential
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The electrical charge across a cell membrane; the difference in electrical potential inside and outside the cell
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Oscilloscope
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A laboratory instrument that is capable of displaying a graph of voltage as a function of time on the face of a cathode ray tube
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Resting potential
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The membrane potential of a neuron when it is not being altered by excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials; approximately -70mV in the giant squid axon
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Depolarization
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Reduction (towards zero) of the membrane protential of a cell from its normal resting potential
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Hyperpolarization
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An increase in the membrane potential of a cell, relative to the normal resting potential
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Action Potential
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The brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of info along an axon
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Threshold of Excitation
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The value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce and action potential
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Diffusion
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Movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration
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Electrolyte
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An aqueous solution of a material that ionizes- namely, a souluble acid, base, or salt
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Ion
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A charged molecule, cations are positively charged, and anions are negatively charged
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Electrostatic pressure
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The attractive force between atomic particles charged with opposite signs or the repulsive force between atomic particles charged with the same sign
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Intracellular fluid
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The fluid contained within cells
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Extracellular fluid
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Body fluids located outside the cell
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Study Guide: Exam 1