KIN 122: Musculoskeletal System
38 Cards in this Set
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What does the musculoskeletal system consist of?
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bones, joints, ligaments, muscles, tendons
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What are bones?
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Rigid organs that form human skeleton
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What are the 3 major components of bones?
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collagen, calcium, living bone cells
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What are ligaments?
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-connect bones to bones (form joint)
- stabalize joint -elastic (gradually lengthen)
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What are tendons?
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-connect bones to muscle
-capable of withstanding tension - work with muscles to exert pulling force
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How does PA impact the muscles and bones?
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muscles- tension applied to muscles during PA builds muscular strength
bones- PA provides bones with stresses they need to grow
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What is a joint?
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a structure that connects two or more bones and allows movement and provide mechanical support
-most common is synovial joints ( joint capsule and synovial fluid)
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What is cartilage? two types?
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-connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber in joints to prevent bones from grinding against each other
- Hyaline- covers ends of bones to form smooth surface of joints -fibrocarilage- provides strength and support, helps bones fit together better at joints and cushions between inve…
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What contributes to the development of joint problems?
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-aging (cartilage thins, loss of muscle mass)
-previous injuries -inflammation -inflexibility -lack of movement/ PA
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What is arthritis? two main types?
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-inflammation of the joints
- term used to describe 100 rheumatic diseases that affect joints, tissues surrounding joints and other connective tissue most common types- osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
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What is? otesoarthritis? What joints does it effect? how is it diagnosed?
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-breakdown of joint cartilage
-typically effects hands feet, spine and large weight bearing joints -diagnosed by x-ray
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What is secondary arthritis?
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arthritis as a result of another condition
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What are risk factors for osteoarthritis? (modifiable and non modifiable)
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modifiable- excessive body mass, joint injury, occupation, muscle weakness
non-modifiable- age, genetic predisposition, abnormal joint structure
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What is Rheumatoid arthritis? (RA) What are symptoms of it?
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-autoimmune disease that attacks normal healthy tissue and caused inflammation and damage to the joint, cartilage and bone
-symptoms are soft 'doughy" swelling which may result in pain and tenderness to touch, sensation of localized warmth, restricted movement
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What are risk factors for RA?
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no definitive risk factors have been identified
-more common in women -genetics -environment (tobacco, hormonal exposure)
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Can PA prevent RA? Osteoarthritis?
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RA-unknown
osteoarthritis- some evidence to suggest it can keep joints moving, maintain/ increase muscle mass, maintain weight
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Can PA help slow progression or reduce the negative impact of arthritis?
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YES! it can help
-feel less pain/ stiffness - move more easily/ do more activities -feel more energetic and positive - keep muscles and bones and joints healthy - reduce risk of becoming disables
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What are the two parts of bone remodeling? What happens in each step?
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resorption- old bone tissue broken don and removed by osteoclast
formation-new bone tissue is laid down to replace old by osteoblast
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What is osteoporosis?
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disease in which loss of bone mineral density accelerate beyond lo expected with normal being.
-low bone mass --> bone becomes fragile --> more likely to fracture
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What is osteopenia?
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boner mineral density is lower than normal but now low enough to be considered osteoporosis
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What are risk factors for osteoporosis? alterable? unalterable?
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unalterable- gener, age, body type, ethnicity ( Caucasian or asian), family history (parent or sibling)
alterable- sex hormone levels, lifetime diet low in calcium, prolonged use of certain medications, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol use, inactive life style
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How does PA work as primary and secondary prevention for osteoporosis?
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-bones respond to exercise by becoming stronger.
-weight bearing and weight training exercise -high impact more effective
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What are the5 sections of the spine?
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cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccyx
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What are the vertebral discs? facet joints?
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discs- specialized cartilage in between vertebrae whose function is to absorb shock
facet joints- joint vertebrae
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What are kyphotic curves? where are they found in the spine?
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convex curves (curve outward)
found in thoracic and sacral regions
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What are lordotic curves? where are they found in the spine?
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concave curves (curve inward)
found in cervical and lumbar regions
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What are causes of low back pain?
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-soft tissue injuries
-disc problems - facet joint problems
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What is spinal stenosis?
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prolonged arthritis of the spine causes spinal column to narrow and compress spinal cord
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What are some strategies for preventing low back pain?
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-utilize roper lifting techniques
-maintain correct posture -exercise regularly -maintain healthy weight -strengthen back and ab muscles -don't wear high heeled shoes -don't favor one side over the other if you carry a bag regularly
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How does PA help low back pain?
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-strengthens back and ab muscles
-aid in development of proper posture and muscles balance -helps manage weight
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What is an injury? examples?
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damage or harm caused to the structure of function of the body by an outside agent or force which may be physical or chemical
bruises, wounds, sprains, strains, fractures, joint dislocation
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What are risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries?
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again, structural faults in musculoskeletal system, excessive body weight, previous musculoskeletal injuries
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What are some acute soft tissue injuries?
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Ligaments- sprain
muscles-strain- torn muscle fibers, deep muscle bruise (charlie horse)
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What are some soft tissue injuries from overuse?
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tendons-tendinitis- inflammation of tendons as result of rubbing a surrounding bone or another tendon
Bursa- fluid filled sac which decrease friction between tendons or between tendons and bones Bursitis- inflamed bursa (shoulder impingement syndrome)
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How are soft tissue injuries treated?
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inflammation- tissue is hot, red, painful and swollen due to increased blood flow,
minimize pain and discomfort and swelling using RICE
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How can PA be a treatment to soft tissue injuries?
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-exercise specific to the injury can facilitate the healing process and reduce the risk of re-injury
- increased circulation of the injured area -prevents injured area from getting stiff and losing ROM while tissue heals -prevent or minimizes development of muscle weakness
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What are some types of bone injuries?
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stress fracture- hairline fracture from overtraining rather than acute trauma
Fracture- break in the bone
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Tips for preventing soft tissue injuries
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-warm up and cool down
- listen to body - be aware of signs of overextertion - use appropriate clothing -start out gradually and use progression - drink plenty of water
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KIN 122: Cancer