45 Cards in this Set
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Atom
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the smallest particle of an element
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periodic table
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a chart of elements arranged by increasing atomic number so that elements in a given group have similar chemical properties
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Atomic Number
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number of protons
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Atomic mass
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number of protons
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Proton
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Positive charge; determine the element; atomic number
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neutral; determines the isotope
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neutral; determines the isotope
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electron
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negative charge; form covalent bonds; gained or lost create ions; capture and store energy; create free radicals; around nucleus
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Isotope
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negative charge; form covalent bonds; gained or lost create ions; capture and store energy; create free radicals; around nucleus
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functional group
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specific combination of bonded atoms that always reacts in the same way
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molecular bonds
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Covalent (nonpolar, polar)
Noncovalent (ionic, hydrogen, van der waals forces)
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molecular bonds
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when atoms share electrons; these bonds require the most energy to make or break
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nonpolar molecules
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a type of covalent bond; have an even distribution of molecules
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polar molecules
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a type of covalent bond; have regions of partial charge (S+ or S-); the most important example is water
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ionic bonds
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a type of non covalent bond; electrostatic attractions between ions; *stealing bond, not shared*
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hydrogen bonds
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a type of noncovalent bond; form between a hydrogen atom and a nearby oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom; hydrogen bonding between water molecules is responsible for the surface tension of water
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van der waals forces
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a type of noncovalent bond; weak; nonspecific attractions between atoms
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biomolecule
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a general term referring to organic compounds essential to life; proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleotides
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ion
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an atom that gains or loses electrons becomes an ion of the same element
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carbohydrate
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*most abundant biomolecule; (CH2O)n; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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lipid
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biomolecule; made mostly of carbon and hydrogen; non polar; fats and oils
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protein
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biomolecule; are polymers of smaller building block molecules called amino acids
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amino acid
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molecule with a central carbon atom linked to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable group of atoms designated "R"; the building blocks of proteins
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid; double helix; 3D structure that forms when 2 DNA chains link through hydrogen bonds; deoxyribose is the sugar in the backbone;the four bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid; single chain nucleic acid with ribose as the sugar in the backbone; the four bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
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polar
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water is polar; excess electrons
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non polar
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electrons are evenly distributed; cannot dissolve in water
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dipole
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separation of charges within a molecule between two covalently bonded atoms; 2 polars
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anabolic reaction
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the phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue
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catabolic reaction
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breaks down complex molecules into simple molecules, releasing energy (exothermic)
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energy
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the capacity to do work or supply heat
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Equilibrium
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Condition in which reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate
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solution concentration
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the amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution
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Solution
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A liquid that is a homogenous mixture of 2 or more mixtures
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Molarity
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number of moles in a solute per liter of solution
mol of solute/L of solution
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Osmolarity
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measure of number of solute molecules in a solution and inversely related to water activity
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mole
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6.022x1023 particles
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reactant
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is a starting material in a chemical reaction that undergoes chang in the chemical reaction
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Product
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a substance resulting from a chemical reaction. It is shown to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation.
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Chemical bond
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Electrons combining together from different atoms resulting in the formation of a molecule.
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solubility
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maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a particular temperature
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pH
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The degree to which a solution is acidic or basic
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hydrophobic
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nonpolar; water fearing
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hydrophobic
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water loving, polar
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electronegativity
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A measure of how strongly atoms attract electrons.
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Molecular Mass
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The sum of atomic masses of the component atoms of a single molecule
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BY 116: CHAPTER 2