SHS 430:Test 1 Notes
112 Cards in this Set
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audiogram
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a graphic display of audiometric data
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-pure tone thresholds by air or bone (for each ear or in the sound field)
-tympanometry results
-speech reception thresholds
-word recognition scores or speech discrimination
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What graphics does an audiogram display?
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>
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bone conduction for the left ear
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<
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bone conduction for the right ear
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X
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air conduction for the left ear (unmasked)
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blue or black ink
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what color is air conduction for the left ear (X) often displayed as?
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O
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air conduction for the right ear (unmasked)
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red ink
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what color is air conduction for the right ear often displayed as?
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S or SF
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sound field
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NB
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narrow band noise symbol
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aided responses in the sound field
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What does the symbol "A" mean?
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cochlear implant threshold data
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What does the symbol "CI" mean?
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downward arrow
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If no response is present, a __ is added to the symbol
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behavioral audiometry
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-pure tone testing under earphones or with inserts or warble tone/narrow band noise in the sound field; threshold data is obtained
-changes depending on child
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Peripheral Auditory System
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auditory pathways involving outer, middle, and inner ear systems and auditory nerve up to the brain stem
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Central Hearing Loss
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-Hearing disorder involving auditory pathways from the brain stem and higher;
-normal peripheral
hearing usually present.
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Audiometric Threshold
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Individual's minimal level of
response 50% of the time; the softest sound required to
produce a response.
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Air Conduction Testing
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Determine thresholds through
earphones. Sound traveling its customary path through
outer, middle and inner ears
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Bone Conduction Testing
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Determining thresholds through
stimulation of inner ear directly, by-passing outer and
middle ears.
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Flat Configuration
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Less than a 10 dB change from one test frequency to the
next.
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Sloping Configuration
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used in conjunction with a hearing loss increasing in
severity from the low to the high frequencies.
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Rising Configuration
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used in conjunction with a hearing loss decreasing in
severity from the low to the high frequencies
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syntax
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With hearing impaired children, ___ improves as reading improves.
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-in general, this concept o language development is grossly affected and very poor in the language of HI children
-HI children don't understand figurative language
-have a difficult time with the concept of inside/outside voices
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Name some accurate statements regarding the development of pragmatics with HI children?
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yes
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Are there differences in the "motherese" that parents of HI infants use?
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language disorder
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the impairment or deviant
development of comprehension and/or expression of spoken or
written language.
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Phonology
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involves the sound system of a language; the
particular sounds of the sound system and the ways in which
the rules of a language permit them to be combined
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articulatory
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Phonologic disorders are most often ___.
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Morphology
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involves the structure of words and the ways in
which the rules of a language permit the construction of new word forms, such as combining "root" words with prefixes and
suffixes, or compounding words
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Syntax
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involves the rules governing the order and
combinations of words in the formation of sentences, and the relationships among the elements within a sentence or between two or more sentences.
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Semantics
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the psycholinguistic system that patterns individual word meanings and the combining of word meanings
to form the contents of a sentence.
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Pragmatics
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-the sociolinguistic system that patterns the use of language in context
-rules that govern the use of lang.
-social aspects, function, speaker's purpose
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1) Topicalization
2) Conversational Ability
3) Use of Register
4) Effective Language
5) Non-Verbal Communication
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What are the 5 Pragmatic areas?
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Conductive HL
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-involves the pinna, external ear canal, eardrum (TM), middle ear ossicles and muscles, and middle ear cavity
-assumes that there is nothing wrong with the cochlea or auditory nerve
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Sensorineural HL
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-problems with the inner ear (cochlea) or along the nerve pathway from the cochlea to he brainstem can cause this
-present when the entire conductive mechanism is normal
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Central Processing Disorders
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individuals have difficulty utilizing the auditory information that is provided by a relatively intact or normal peripheral mechanism (CAPD or APD)
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-Cholesteatoma (when ear drum forms pocket)
-congenital (50% of moderate-profound losses are due to genetic factors)
-nongenetic congenital: Prenatal infections (Rubella, *CMV, toxoplasmosis, syphilis)
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What are some causes of Sensorineural HL?
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0-20 dB
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Normal HL
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21-40 dB
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Mild HL
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41-55 dB
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Moderate HL
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56-70 dB
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Moderately-severe HL
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71-90 dB
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Severe HL
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91+ dB
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Profound HL
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What type of difficulties at birth can lead to SN HL?
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-jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia
-ototoxic drugs given to the mother during pregnancy
-Hypoxia during dev. or birthing process
-injury to the vascular system that supports the membranous labyrinth or intracranial hemorrhage
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Acquired SN HL causes (genetic)
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-Alport's Syndrome
-Hunter/Hurler
-Waardenburg's Syndrome
-*the largest category represent a recessive inheritance pattern and are not associated with specific syndromes
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Acquired SN HL Causes (non-genetic)
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-consist most frequently of infection (Meningitis)
-Neoplasm (growth)
-Ototoxicity
-trauma
-noise induced
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-bacterial or fungal otitis externa
= -"swimmers ear"
-perforation of the TM (ear drum) - trauma or infection
-*Otitis Media (middle ear infection) is most common cause in children
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Common Causes of Conductive HL
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- difficulty understanding "soft-spoken" speech
-needs optimal seating
-may benefit fro speech reading training
-good candidate for hearing aid
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Implication for a Mild HL
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-can understand speech at 3-5 feet
-requires amplification
-optimal seating
-speech reading training
-speech therapy
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Implication for a Moderate HL
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—speech must be loud for auditory reception unaided, difficulty in group and classroom discussion, may require special classes for HI, plus other needs
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Implications of Moderate-Severe HL
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—loud speech may be understood at 1 ft, may distinguish vowels but not consonants, may require classroom for HI with mainstreaming at a later date
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Implications for Severe HL
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—does not rely on audition as the primary communication modality, may work well with total communication approach, may be mainstreamed at higher grade levels
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Implications for Profound HL
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cochlear implant
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electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve
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-clogged ear molds for HA
-weak batteries
-malfunction of controls or programs
-cracked cases or tubing
-broken cords or cables
-moisture
-distortion of signal
-limited or poor frequency response.
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What are some common problems with hearing devices?
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daily!
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How often should HA's be checked?
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—1. battery tester 2. hearing aid stethoscope and adapter 3. air blower (can be used to remove moisture or cerumen form ear mold or tubing) 4. Wax pick or pipe cleaner 5. Small soft brush 6. Small lighted magnifying glass 7. Extra batteries 8. Dry aid kit
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What are the components of a good HA maintenance kit?
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Intensity
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physical measurement of what is psychologically perceived as loudness
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55-65 dB
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What is the average conversational speech in dB?
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30 dB
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Range of intensities in speech can vary + or - ___dB
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/aw/ 85 dB
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What is the loudest sound & how loud is it?
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/th/ 35 dB
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What is the softest sound & what's its measure of intensity?
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Frequency
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physical measurement of what is psychologically perceived as pitch
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100-6000 Hz
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Most connected discourse of speech is measured from __-__ Hz
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500 Hz (80%)
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The greatest energy is typically at ___ Hz.
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130 Hz
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Fundamental Frequency for males
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260 Hz
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Fundamental Frequency for females
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vowels
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low frequency and responsible for acoustic power
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consonants
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high frequency and responsible for intelligibility
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suprasegmentals
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tone, stress, low frequency
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distinctive features
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manner, place, high frequency but nasality is low freq.
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S and Z
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__ & __ are responsible for 20 pieces of linguistic information
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ambient noise (noises heard when no one's talking)
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what type of noise is usually low frequency?
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+20 dB
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The ideal signal to noise ratio for optimal comprehension is __.
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15 phonemes/second
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What is the average rate of phonemes/second?
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Transitional Parameters
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The acoustic properties of a phoneme will be affected when produced in connected discourse. Adjacent phonemes will overlap and naturally affect each other. Duration of vowel can be altered to give info to phoneme that follows
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Example of Transitional Parameters
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A voiced consonant in the final position will be preceded by a longer duration vowel ---- ab vs. ap
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Redundancy
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properties of a signal which allow a person to predict the whole message if they only heard or saw a portion of the message
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Redundancy
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Linguistic constraints provide ___ in the speech signal.
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Structural Constraints
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—the manner in which units are chained together. The selection and use of sounds and words is influenced by the material that precedes and follows(ex. You won’t have 2 the in a row, /b/ in the initial position will not have an /n/ following)
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Contextual Constraints
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—predict the type of vocabulary based on the context/content. If you are talking about your taxes you probably won’t have words about auto mechanics.
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Situational Constraint
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place or who you are talking with predicts the vocabulary. Talking with a small child, or in a restaurant, church, or on the playground
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—as predictors of linguistic content
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How do normal hearing individuals use linguistic constraints?
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language
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a coded system of rules that organize and convey meaning
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phonetics
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the study of physiology or motor production of speech sounds
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free
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___ morphemes can stand alone
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bound
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___ morpheme must be attached to words
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Topicalization
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introduce/termination of a topic
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Conversational Ability
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-speaking, listening, taking turns talking
-begins early mimicry
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Use of Register
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tone of voice
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Effective Language
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message must convey what you want it to (joke, request)
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non-verbal communication
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facial expression, body movement
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-age
-vision impairment that's unidentified
-hearing
-social or culture differences
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What are some factors that may affect acquisition of language skills?
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Prosodic Features (tone of voice)
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Remember that a child can identify meaning from ___ before comprehension of spoken language.
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babbling
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tactile response, it feels good (labials & back sounds)
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Motherese
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unique communication style used with children
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-exaggerated in intonation
-lots of gestures
-higher pitch
-redundant, longer/more regular pauses
-simple syntax, special lexicon
-baby talk
-lots of questions
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characteristics of motherese
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-relational (function - no, more gone)
-substantive (open words; subject oriented - dog, cookie, juice)
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2 general categories of 1st words & ex of each
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3-6 months
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age of babbling, localizing, likes toys that play music
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6-10 months
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age of beginning to understand everyday phrases (bye-bye)
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1 year
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age of 2-3 words, understands simple instructions
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2 years
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age of 10-20 words, combining words for simple sentences
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4-5 years
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Majority of language should be intelligible by what age?
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-proto-declarative (child uses objects to get parents attention - grab cup to get juice b/c can't say it)
-proto-imperative (child gets another person to do something- jumps up & down when they want more)
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2 types of gestures in early communication & what they do
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2-4 words
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how many words are acquired each day between 2 1/2 - 4 1/2 years old?
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Reception precedes Expression
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can identify motorcycle, bike, plane, truck, etc but calls them all car
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attribution
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child uses adjectives at 1st as simple words but at 21 months see 2 word utterances
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Stage 1 of Syntax & Morphology Dev.
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-children do not develop lang. at same rate; age varies
-MLU is more useful index of development
-19-22 months: holophrases (1-2 words is sentence)
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Stage 2 of Syntax & Morphology Dev.
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-MLU 2-3 words
-27-30 months most take subj-verb-object format(syntax)
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beyond stage 2 of syntax & morph. dev.
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-MLU 3-5 words
-30-40 months using past & future tense
-develop use of negatives & questions
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Stage 4 of syntax & morphology dev.
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-complex sentence dev.
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-coordination (conjunctions)
-complementation (verbs that need a follow)
-relativization (relative clauses)
-passivization (passive tense)
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What are the 4 big milestones in Stage 4 of Syntax & Morph. Dev?
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important factors for lang. development
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-must have an intact sensory system
-no severe intellectual or cognitive deficits
-should be exposed to a reasonably stimulating environment
-should have reasonably verbal parents that communicate fluently
-warm, loving, accepting atmosphere
-use an auditory based lang. program
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SHS 430:Test 1 Notes