81 Cards in this Set
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What is a proto-declarative word?
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A single word that makes a statement
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What is a proto-imperative word?
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A single word that makes a demand
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What sort of response is babbling?
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Tactile
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What sort of content is most babbling by hearing impaired children made up of?
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Vowels
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What sort of responses are more likely to come from the parent of a heating impaired infant?
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Inflexibility, control, and disapproval
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What is the difference in motherese directed toward a hearing impaired child?
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Atypical intonation, fewer gestures, fewer questions, anxious facial expressions
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What kind of word should a child's first word be?
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"Power word"
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What constitutes a "power word?"
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A word that gets the child something he or she wants
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How is the process of learning a first word diverted in hearing impaired children?
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They are over taught words that do not have power for them
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What kinds of words do children with hearing impairment have difficulty with?
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Words with multiple meanings and concepts that have several different words
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Why is mean length of utterance (MLU) an unfair measurement of linguistic knowledge for hearing impaired children who sign?
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A sign can stand for more than one word
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What is the sentence structure of hearing impaired children like?
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They speak in more, shorter sentences
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What is pragmatics?
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The sociolinguistic system that patterns the use of language in context
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What issues do hearing impaired children have with pragmatics?
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No concept of appropriate volume levels, no concept of conversational space, do not understand figurative language, problems with turn taking
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What are the 4 purposes for assessment of hearing impaired children?
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Provide a detailed account of strengths and weaknesses, make it easy to plan individualized instruction, determine the appropriate level of language instruction, required by law
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What are the two classifications of assessment?
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Norm referenced and criterion referenced
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What is a norm referenced assessment?
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Assessment that compares an individual's performance to that of their peers
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What are the five types of scores most commonly seen on a norm referenced test?
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Mental age, age equivalent, percentile rank, standard score, and scaled score
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Which type of assessment is required by law?
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Norm referenced assessment
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What is a criterion referenced assessment?
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Test designed to measure a person's absolute mastery of specific knowledge or skills
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What format does the analysis of a criterion referenced assessment usually take?
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Checklist
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What is echoing?
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Attempting to clarify a child's utterance by repeating it and leaving a blank where the unintelligible portion was
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What is modeling?
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Correcting the child's language in a non-threatening manner
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What is expansion?
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Repeating the child's utterance and adding one element to it
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What is expansion+?
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Repeating the child's utterance and adding more than one element
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What is parallel talk?
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An adult describes what the child is doing
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What is self-talk?
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An adult describes what they are doing
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What is description?
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Naming the characteristics of an object or concept
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What are the eight methods of language programming?
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Imitation, echoing, modeling, expansion, expansion +, parallel talk, self talk, and description
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What are the ten criteria of program selection?
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Type of hearing loss, severity of hearing loss, site of lesion, age of onset, auditory discrimination, acceptance process, promptness in seeking service, family support, communication/education/vocation priorities, problem solving skills
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What are the two styles of intervention?
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Structured and natural
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What is a structured intervention method?
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Activities are adult initiated and language is highly directive and evaluative
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What is a natural intervention method?
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An adult follows up and elaborates on the child's initiation and utterances are dependent on the child's focus or interest
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What is an example of a natural intervention setting?
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The Children's Center
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What is an example of a structured intervention setting?
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The DuBard School
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What population do structured programs work best for?
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3rd grade and older
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What population do natural intervention programs work best for?
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2nd grade and younger
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What level of vocabulary is taught to children in structured programs?
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Vocabulary three years below their chronological age
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In structured programs, which skill is taught first: production, or recognition and comprehension?
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Recognition and comprehension
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What is the Fitzgerald Key?
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A structured language program
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Who developed the Fitzgerald Key?
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Edith Fitzgerald from the Wisconsin School for the Deaf
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What are the two levels of the Fitzgerald Key?
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Early sentence development and complete sentence development
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How is language learned using the Fitzgerald Key?
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Language is visually coded into columns
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What is the Patterned Approach?
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A structured language program
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What are the four goals of the Patterned approach?
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Hear it, use it, read it, write it
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What are the limitations of the Patterned approach?
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All sentences start with a verb + and only seven sentence forms are used
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Where is the Patterned Approach commonly used?
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The Midwest and northwest
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What does APPLE stand for? (HINT: Apple tree)
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A patterned program for linguistic expansion through reinforced experiences and evaluation
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How many sentence patterns does APPLE use?
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Ten
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How is visual coding used in the APPLE program?
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Coding is superimposed above the sentence
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What are the five goals or instructional steps in the APPLE program?
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Comprehension, manipulation, substitution, production, and transformation
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What is taught in the manipulation stage of APPLE?
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Language appropriateness and pragmatics
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What is taught during the transformation stage of APPLE?
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Generalization, negation, and questions
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What are two unique features of APPLE?
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Student workbooks and computer programs
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Who developed the Rhode Island Language Curriculum?
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Bloom and Lahey
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What are the four goals of the Rhode Island Language Curriculum?
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Exposure, recognition, comprehension, production
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What kind of visual coding is used (if any) in the Rhode Island Language Curriculum?
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Actor/action
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What are the the three age levels in the Rhode Island Language Curriculum?
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Preschool, simple sentence level (lower elementary), and complex sentence level (upper elementary)
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What kind of assessment is the Rhode Island Test of Language Development?
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Norm referenced
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What population is the Rhode Island Test of Language Development norm referenced for?
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Deaf and hearing impaired
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What visual code does the Association Method use?
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Northampton symbols
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What kind of program is Tate?
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structured
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Where was Tate developed?
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Australia
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What population was Tate originally created for?
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English language learners
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What was the first state to begin using Tate?
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Texas
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What is Reading Milestones?
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A published reading program for the deaf
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What are some of the communication issues of deaf children in structured language programs?
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Lack of fluency, lack of coherency, lack of effective communication, rigid in interpretation, difficult to sway by persuasive argument, no figurative language, insensitivity to other's feelings, defensive in communication posture
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What are some characteristics of metalinguistics?
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Internal script, sense of socio-linguistic awareness, code switching, pre-planning of speech, goal setting for the communicator
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Who pioneered natural language programs?
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Mildred Groht
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What was the name of the book published by Mildred Groht?
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Natural Language for Deaf Children
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What year was Natural Language for Deaf Children published?
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1958
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With what school was Mildred Groht affiliated with?
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Lexington School for the Deaf
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What age group was Natural Language for Deaf Children created for?
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Preschool through high school
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What are the eleven central features of natural language programs?
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Purpose of language is for communication, children must be exposed to language through naturally occurring communication in the environment, psychosocial need to communicate, communication must occur between the child and family, all activities are based on child, observe child in communi…
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What are the 4 goals of every natural program?
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Attach meaning to words and structures to facilitate generalization, determine language goals and intervention strategies from information about normal language, learn language through communication, communication competence
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What are the normal processes of the determining language goals feature if natural programs?
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Imitation with reduction, imitation with expansion, syntax regularities/generalization
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What is the first link in communication for a child?
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Motherese
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What kind of reinforcement works best in therapy?
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Positive reinforcement with a reward that is valuable to the child
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What should the final assessment of the effectiveness of a language program be?
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How well the child can communicate in various contexts
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How are children's first questions structured?
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Rising inflection or body language
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How can one facilitate communicative competence, or meta linguistic behaviors?
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Create a linguistically responsive environment, develop a naturalistic approach, normalize experiences, emphasize spontaneous communication, select an appropriate mode of communication, use interactive rituals, use a team approach, focus on functional communication, provide opportunities …
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SHS 430:Test 1 Notes