57 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
Theory
|
a coherent set of propositions that
organize
our empirical observations and
explain known phenome
|
|
Lay Theories
|
Folk psychologies found to be prevalent in teachers
|
|
To be a theory, an organization of
knowledge mustbe:
|
Falsifiable
Parsimonious
|
|
how does change happen
|
Quantatativley(continuously, ininfnitely small steps),
or
qualitativley(in stages that are categorically different
|
|
why does change happen
|
Biological processes,
Environmental processes, or
Some combination of biology and environmemt
|
|
Id
|
present at birth, pleasure principle
|
|
Ego
|
CEO of the operation, reality principle, mediates between id and supego
|
|
Superego
|
socialization, moral principles and norms
internalized from parents and others, starts forming at
5-7
|
|
Infancy:Trust
vs Mistrust
|
Basic trust that the world is a safe place; confidence about care and own
ability to cope vs hopelessness
|
|
toddlerhood: Autonomy
vs
Shame& doubt
|
Independence and self control
vs Lack of Confidence
|
|
Preschool:Initiative vs guilt
|
activity vs over control
|
|
School Age:Industry
vs
Inferiority
|
Learning the task of one’s
soceity
vs
sense of inadequacy
|
|
Adolescence: Identity
vs
Role Confusion
|
...
|
|
Early adulthood:Intimacy vs Isolation
|
Forming close relationships
vs fear of losing self
|
|
Middle Adulthood:
Generativity
vs
Stagnation
|
Making lasting contributions to society
vs
being preoccupied with own needs
|
|
Late Adulthood:Integrity
vs
Despair
|
Sense of meaning and life well lived
vs
fear of death
|
|
UCS,UCR+CS> CS+CR
|
...
|
|
Reinforcement
|
increases the likelihood
of the behavior
being repeated
|
|
Positing reinforcement
|
something being added(result:increased
likelihood of behavior)
|
|
Negative reinforcement
|
something taken away(result:decreased likelihood of behavior
|
|
self efficacy
|
How likely am I to be able to execute the observed
behaviors successfully?
|
|
more self efficacy
|
students work harder and tackle more difficult tasks
|
|
Pygmalion
|
his statue of the perfect woman came to life
|
|
Schema
|
like a closet,
A cognitive framework that places a concept into
categories and associations
|
|
Assimilation
|
put new info into schema/closet
|
|
Accommodation
|
change the existing schema, build a new one, to store more info
|
|
Sensorimotor
(birth -2)
|
schemas formed
through sensory experiences and motor actions
Object permanence
|
|
PreOperational(2-7)
|
nonlogical thought
(“operations),but can represent objects in mind
–
Egocentrism
–
Conservation
|
|
concrete operations 7-12
|
...
|
|
formal operations 12+
|
abstract thought
|
|
positive correlation
|
ex: vocabulary and intelligence
|
|
negative correlation
|
social support and depression
|
|
Quasi experiment (natural experiment)
|
when the independent variable is already asigned
|
|
literature review
|
write summary of what you think are important details. There is a level of subjectivity for what you include.
|
|
meta analysis
|
Puts a number to tell you about a study, what is the effect size (who is able to study it)
|
|
46 chromosomes 23 pairs from each parent
|
...
|
|
zygote
|
fertalized egg, all 46 chromosomes
|
|
monozygotic MZ twins
|
One egg, one sperm,genetically identical
|
|
dizigotic DZ twins
|
two eggs, two sperm,genetically regular siblings
|
|
down syndrome
|
one extra chromosome 21
|
|
Klinefelter
Syndrome
|
an extra X in men (XXY)
|
|
Turner Syndrome
|
Missing X in women (XO)
|
|
Fragile X
|
one gene segment in X repeateated too much
|
|
Canalization
|
The degree to which expression of ageneis
influenced by the environemtn
|
|
Epigenetics
|
Environments shape genes expression
|
|
Niche Picking
|
Gene predisposition leads the child to
choose environments/experiences that fit that
predisposition
|
|
Germinal
stage
|
fertilization to 2 weeks
|
|
embryo
|
2 weeks–2 months post conception
|
|
Placenta
|
brings oxygen and nutrients
|
|
Organogenesis
|
all of the major organ systems
laid down
|
|
Fetus
|
beginning of 3rd month to birth
|
|
most common cause of misscarriage
|
genetic abnormalities
|
|
Teratogens
|
Agents that can disrupt prenatal development and cause
malformations or termination (ex: smoking, alochol, perscription and OTC drugs, illicit drugs, stress)
|
|
Apgar
score
|
Baby’s overall condition,at t=1 and 5
7-10 is normal, 4-6 some intervention, less than 3 immediate lifesaving intervention needed
|
|
prematutity
|
less than 37 weeks
|
|
full term 37-42
|
...
|
|
if less than 5 lbs 4 oz at full term is low birth weight
|
...
|
PRE 305: Final