CHMY 121IN: Final Exam
46 Cards in this Set
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Troposhere
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Layer closest to the surface
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Stratosphere
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Second lowest layer of the atmosphere
-Contains the ozone layer
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Acid Rain
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Rain water that is slightly acidic
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Composition of Atmosphere
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N2- 78%
O2- 21%
Ar- 0.9%
CO2- 0.036%
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Pressure
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Force/Area = Pounds/in2 = psi
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Barometer
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Measures the pressure of all the gas particles in the volume of atmosphere
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Boyle's Law
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States that for a given amount of gas at constant temperature, the volume of the gas varies inversely to its pressure
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Charle's Law
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States that a fixed quantity of gas when cooled at constant pressure will decrease in volume
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Constant Pressure
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The fixed amount of gas and volume is directly proportional to temperature
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Volume increases
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Heating a constant quantity of gas
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Avogadro's Law
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States that at a fixed temperature and pressure: the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules or atoms of the gas: the number of moles of the gas
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Combined Gas Law
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Combines Boyle's Law, Charle's Law & Avogadro's Law
-P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2
(Pressure, Volume, Temperature)
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Henry's Law
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-Oxygen dissolves into water based on its partial pressure
-Increase partial pressure by increasing the amount of oxygen in atmosphere
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Atmospheric Pressure
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The sum of all partial pressures of gases in the atmospheres
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Acid
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Substance that donates hydrogen ions to a solution
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Base
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Substance that takes up hydrogen ions or donates hydroxide ions to a solution
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Acidic Solution
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Has a concentration of H+
-pH less than 7.0
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Basic Solution
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Has a concentration of OH-
-pH is greater than 7.0
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Neutral Solution
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Has an equivalent amount of H+ & OH-
-pH of 7.0
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Acid Characteristics
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-Turns blue litmus red
-Taste sour
-Will react with metals to release hydrogen gas
-Reacts with bases to form a salt and water
-pH less than 7
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Base Characteristics
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-Will turn red litmus blue
-Bitter taste
-Slippery feel
-Will react with acids to form a salt and water
-pH is greater than 7
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Arrhenius
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Developed the definitions of acids and bases
-Developed the explanation of how acids and bases work
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Naked Proton
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H+ that acids and their properties are due to
-Results in reactivity
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Acid Categories
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-Monoprotic
-Diprotic
-Triprotic
-Polyprotic
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Monoprotic
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HCl- Releases 1 hydrogen ion
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Diprotic
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H2SO4- Releases 2 hydrogen ions
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Triprotic
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H3PO4- Releases 3 hydrogen ions
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Polyprotic
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Diphosphoric Acid- Releases more than 3 hydrogen ions
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Carboxyl Group
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Characterizes Organic Acids
-Methanoic Acid
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Strong Acid
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The acid completely dissociates to yield H+ ions and anion (?)
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Organic Acids
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Typically weak acids
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Inorganic or Mineral Acids
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Typically strong acids
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Strong bases
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-NaOH
-KOH
--Since most of these bases are solid, they dissolve readily
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Weak Bases
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-Ca(OH)2
-Mg(OH)2
--Partially dissolve in a solution
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Bronsted-Lowry
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-Defined bases as substances that take up a hydrogen ion
-Defined acids as substances that yield a hydrogen ion
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pH
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An estimate of the acidity and basicity of a solution
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pH of 7
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Neutral solution
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pH<7
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Acidic Solution
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pH>7
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Basic Solution
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Normality
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Equivalents/Liter
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Molarity
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Moles/Liter
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Equivalent Weight (Acid)
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Formula weight or Molecular Weight/ # of H+
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Equivalent Weight (base)
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Formula weight or Molecular weight/ # of OH-
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Equivalents
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Molecular or formula weight/equivalent weight
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Neutralization
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Acid + Base -------> Water + Salt
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Buffers
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Solutions of substances that react with acids and bases to prevent a change in pH
-Carbonate
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CHMY 121IN: Exam 2