PSY-P 211: Quiz 1
21 Cards in this Set
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What is the difference between an experiment manipulation and a correlation design?
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null
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Why isn't correlation research as good as experiments at demonstrating causal relationships?
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experimental manipulation shows cause and effect and correlation design does not
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What are independent and dependent variable? Which are assigned and which are measured?
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Independent Variable- causes the change, thing we control, assigned
· Dependent Variable- a measure of behavior, measured
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What is a control condition and why is it important?
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This is the condition that is under the control of the experimenter
-our ability to control the independent variable is superior under lab condition, improving internal validity, we have superior control over extraneous sources (noise or temp)
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What is a confounding variable?
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Things that might be different between your experimental and control condition other than the independent variable.
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What does it mean for an experiment to lack internal validity?
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if an experiment lacks internal validity, the experimenter doesn't have complete control of the independent and dependent variables
there are second sources of variation which could skew the experiment's results.
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What are blind and double-blind studies, and how do they mitigate demand characteristics?
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Blind- the participant doesn't know the end goal of the experiment
Double-Blind- experimenter doesn't know which group the participant is in, eliminates experimenter bias
Demand Characteristic- when cues are given by the researcher, mitigate with double
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What is a placebo?
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placebo is sugar pill...basically fake medicine to make the subject believe they are receiving medication
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For studying the Stroop effect, what is the dependent variable?
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Dependent Variable- measure of time it takes to name the color of the ink
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Why does the Stroop effect occur? What causes people to take longer when color words and names disagree?
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This shows that we automatically read the word before we notice the color.
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What is the most appropriate control condition for the Stroop effect?
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This would be the neutral condition because you don't want participants to be reading words because it is more automatic than naming the colors
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What is the difference between a within-subjects design and what are the advantges?
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The variable is manipulated between at least two subjects or participants
-don't have to use as many people, the experimenter is more likely to call a difference real if the difference between levels is large
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What are order effects and carry-over effects? why are they a problem for within-subjects designs?
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Carry-Over: this is the way previous exposures have affected participants, fatigue is the most common
Order: the order in which they are exposed to the levels of the independent variable
-exposed to both conditions so the order would matter
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What is the difference between a population and a sample? Why should sampling be random?
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Population is the target group, and the sample is the group that is representative for that particular population
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What is a frequency distribution (histogram)? How can it be used to summarize data?
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in a frequency distribution the X axis has the values, or the variable, and the Y axis counts the number of times each occurs.
· A neutral stimulus that will provide a baseline
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What is bootstrapping?
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Bootstrapping- instead of sampling from our population, we treat the sample as the population, we sample from the sample with replacement, we might test this person in a sample twice since each person represents several people
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What does it mean if the 95% confidence interval does not include zero?
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you have a significant difference
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Describe the contents of the different parts of a research report: Abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion
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Intro- literature review
Results- graphs
Discussion- an analysis of your finding and the direction for future research
Abstract- introduce purpose, variables, results, and implications
Methods-enough detail so it can be replicated
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What are between-subject design and the advantages?
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The independent variable is manipulated within single subject or participant.
-exposure to one of the levels of the independent variable cannot contaminate the participant's behavior under other levels
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How can you prevent order effects in a whithin-suject design?
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Counterbalancng- admit that a potential confounding order effect is present, distribute an equal amount of the confounding effect to each level of your independent variable
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What is resampling with replacement?
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Used to test hypotheses when you only have a small amount of data collected or the data you have are not suitable for tandar statistical methods, take samples from a small section of that population
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PSY -P 211: QUIZ 2