PSY -P 211: QUIZ 2
23 Cards in this Set
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Set Size
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The number of items that you search through including both the target and distracters.
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Distracter
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What gets in the way of finding the target.
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Pop-Out Search
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-also known as Parallel Search
-the visual search where the target seems to leap from the display without any effort on the part of the observer
-the visible objects appear at the moment when sight glances at the object
-an example of preattentive search
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Feature Present Search
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-when the target has the additional element/feature to look for
-this search is faster and easier than the feature absent search
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Feature Absent Search
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-when target doesn't have the additional element/feature to look for, while all the distracters have the additional feature
-also known as flip flop design
-also search asymmetry because you are looking for the absence of something which is harder
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Conjunction Search
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-when you combine 2 features, color, and letters, it causes more time because it takes longer to look at
-an example of an attentive search
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What affects our ability to find things (what factors affect visual search)?
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Obvious Things- size and color, make it unique by having bright color or make it bigger so it pops out
Less Obvious Things- similarity of targets to distracters, similarity of distracters to each other, familiarity
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Preattentive (pop-out) Search
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-operates in parallel over a large visual field and registers the presence of all "primitive" features, done without eye movement
-no effect of increasing the set size, pop-out search is an example of preattentive search
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Attentive Search
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-operates by serially moving a small high resolution "spotlight" to each item in turn
-requires multiple eye movements
-need to inspect individual items, increasing set size increases reaction time
-requires the use of attentive mechanisms
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What targets/distracters might you use to create a feature search task or a conjunction search task?
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-feature search task and conjunction search tasks are ex. of attentive search because when you increase the set size it increases the reaction time since the search requires multiple eye movements.
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If the distracters are more similar, will visual search be more efficient or less efficient?
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visual search will be more efficient if there is:
-similarities between the target and distracters
-similarities between the distracters
-familiarity
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Why are the N and Z stimuli so effective with the rotation manipulation to look at the role of familiarity in visual search?
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Because the stimuli were familiar target, so with the rotation manipulation, it was a familiar target among familiar distracters
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Which is faster: finding a familiar target among unfamiliar distracters or finding an unfamiliar target among familiar distracters?
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It is faster to find the unfamiliar target among familiar distracters. Easier to find the stranger at the party.
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Is searching for a novel target among familiar distracters an attentive or pre-attentive search?
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The search for the novel target among familiar distracters is a preattentive search. It is always easier to find the novel target among familiar distracters no matter what the set size is. So, increasing the set size has no effect.
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What is flip-flop design?
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When you switch up the target and the distracter, so you make the target the distracter and you make the distracter the target.
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What is search asymmetry?
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It is when one situation of a flip-flop design is faster or slower than the other. It pops up when there is a feature difference or a familiarity difference between the feature and the distracter.
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In a flip-slop design for a feature search, which is usually faster: feature-present-target or feature-absent-target? Why?
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Search for the presence of a basic feature is more efficient than the search for its absence. So, the feature present target is usually faster.
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Can a feature-absent-target ever be faster? Why?
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yes, when there is the absence of an expected feature, it can grab our attention
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What is a main effect?
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-you do a regular within and between subjects resampling for each main factor (sorority affiliation is one variable, familiarity of the target is one variable)
-want to see if each has an effect on reaction time
-each result is a main effect
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What is an interaction effect?
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-you do the interaction resampling to determine whether there are any interaction effects, by comparing different groups in between subjects design
-testing both variables together, when you add both do they produce an effect? want to see 2 effects
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Can you imagine situations where there might not be any significant main effects, but there isn't significant interaction effect?
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Yes it is possible to have interaction effect without main effects. Something can happen only when interacted.
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What's the difference between the target-present and target-absent conditions? Which is always slower?
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Present- the target is present and you can contrast this condition with the target absent
Absent- when the target is not present (always slower)
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Why aren't you interested in analyzing search speeds in the target-absent condition?
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It will always be slower than the target present condition. The subject will keep looking for the target if they don't see it and will take the extra step to confirm that it is not there
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PSY -P 211: QUIZ 2