CHEM 102: Carbohydrates
61 Cards in this Set
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what are common carbohydrates?
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sugar, lactose, cellulose
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What are Carbohydrates made of?
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Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
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respiration
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the process of supplying the cells with oxygen and removing carbon dioxide from them
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monosaccharides
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smallest form of carbohydrates, can not be broken down any further
they consist of 3-6 carbons, a carbonyl group (which is an aldehyde or ketone)
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disaccharise
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consist of two monosaccharide units joined together which can be split into two monosaccharides
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polysacharides
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carbohydrates that are naturally occuring polymers contianing many monosacharide units
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Monosaccharide
+ H2O
[H]
->
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no hydrolysis
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Disaccharide
+ H2O
[H]
->
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two monosaccharides
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Polysaccharise +
many H2O molecules
[H]
->
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many monosaccharide units
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Aldose
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monosaccharide structure in which the carbonyl group is on the first carbon as an aldehyde
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ketose
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monosaccharide structure in which the carbonyl group is on the second carbon atom as a ketone
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trios
tetrose
pentose
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three carbons
four carbons
five carbons
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six carbon monosaccharide that is a ketone?
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ketohexose
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What is the name of this monosaccharide?
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aldohexose
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What is the name of this monosaccharide?
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Ketohexose
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polysaccharide stores in the liver and muscle tissues
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glycogen
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An unbranched polysaccharide containing B-1,4, glycosidic bonds
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cellulose
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a starch containing a,1.4 and a,1,6 glycosidic bonds
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amylopectin, glycogen
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Is this D or L glucose?
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D
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Is this D or L glucose?
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L
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Why is D-Glucose significant?
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It is a building block for (saccharides) sucrose, lactose, and maltose, and (polysaccharides) amylose cellulose and glycogen
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Galactose
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(aldohexose) obtained from the disaccharide lactose, important in the cellular membranes of the brain and nervous system, with glucose lactose if formed
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fructose
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a monosaccharide, also called levulose and fruit sugar, that is found in honey and fruit juices, with gluctose sucrose is formed
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glycogen
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a polysaccharide formed in the liver and muscles for the storage of glucose as an energy reserve, it is composed of glucose in a highly branced polymer that is joined by an a,1-4, and a,1-6, glycosidic bonds
through glycogenesis glucose is made into glycogen
and through glycogenolysis g…
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what denotes an alpha anomer?
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-OH is below the ring
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what denotes a beta anomer?
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-OH on the top side of the ring
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Why is the haworth structure of D-galactose a hemiacetal?
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galactose is a hemiacetal because it has both a hydroxyl group and an alkoxy group bonded to the same carbon (carbon 1)
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Anomer
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the isomers of cyclic hemiacetals of monosaccharides that have a hydroxyl group on carbon 1 (or carbon 2) alpha and beta signify anomers
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Glucose + Glucose=
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Maltose (and H2O)
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Glucose+ Galactose=
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lactose (and H2O)
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Glucose + fructose=
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sucrose (and H2O)
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what are monosaccharides oxidized into?
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carboxylic acids, it is done with a reagent like benedict's reagent.
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how are sugar acids named?
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by replacing the "-ose" with "-onic acid"
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reducing sugars are
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a carbohydrate with an aldehyde group capable of reducing the Cu2+ in benedict's reagent
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Even though usually ketones can not oxidize, why is it that fructose (which is a ketohexose) can be oxidized?
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because when put together with benedict's solution a rearangement happens that moved the carbonyl group from carbon 2 to carbon 1, which converts it to glucose and provides an aldehyde that can be oxidized
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What does the reduction of the aldhyde group in monosaccharides produce?
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sugar alcohols called "alditols" D-glucose is reduced to d-glucitol (sorbitol)
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How are sugar alcohols named?
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change the "-ose" to "-itol"
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How are haworth structures produced?
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from the reaction of a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group in the same molecule, it's what must be done to close a cyclic hemiacetal
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mutarotation
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the conversion between a and b anomers via an open chain
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why is d-glucose called a reducing sugar?
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the aldehyde in D-glucose with an adjacent hydroxyl group is easily oxidized because the carbonyl group is highly reactive and can reduce other substances, thus d-glucose is a reducing sugar
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What is maltose?
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malt sugar, it's used in cereals, candies and beverages, it is a disacharide and has a glycosidic bond
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What is a glycosidic bond?
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the bond that forms when the -OH of a group
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If a sample of urine is tested with benedict's reagent and it turns out brick red what does this mean?
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there is a high level of reducing sugar in the urine, one common cause of this would be diabetes
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what sort of a bond does maltose have?
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a,1,4 glycocidic bond
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what sort of a bond does lactose have?
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B 1,4, glycosidic bond
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what sort of a bond does sucrose have?
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a-d-glucose and b-D-fructose
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what molecule is this?
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a-maltose
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what molecule is this?
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sucrose
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what molecule is this?
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B-lactose
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...
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this diagram will help with memorization.
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what is a pollysaccharide?
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a polymer of many monosaccharides joined together
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what are the 4 important polysaccharides?
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amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, glycogen
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what is amylose?
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a startch, a,D-glucose connected by a a-1,4-glycosidic bond in a continuous chain. sometimes called a straight chain polymer.
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what is amylopectin?
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starch, a, 1,4-glycosidic bonds connect glucose molecules
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what is the difference between amylose and amylopectin?
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The difference between the three starches has to do with the branching. Amylose does not contain any branching and has an alpha 1,4 bond that promotes the formation of a AmyBecause of this property, amylose is the preferred storage form of starch in plants. Amylopectin is the other form o…
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What sort of a bond does glycogen have?
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a,1,4, glycosidic bonds, with an a1,6 every so often
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What kind of a bond does cellulose have>
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major structural material of wood and plants it is linked by B1,4, glycosidic bonds, so they don't form coils like amylose but are aligned in parallal rows (this is how fiber works)
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What is the iodine test for?
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to test the presence of amylose in starch.
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What is glucose?
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a carbohydrate that is produced in plants from CO2, H2O and energy from the sun. It is oxidized in living cells in respiration to produce CO2, H2O and energy
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What are the thre most important monosaccharides?
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hexoses glucose, galactose, and fructose
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What is amylopectin?
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a branched chain polymer of a-D glucose molecules, it has an a1-4-glycosidic bond between the glucose units
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CHEM 102: Amines and Amides