71 Cards in this Set
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evolution
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a change in allele frequencies in a population over time
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scientific knowledge
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empirical & testable
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scientific theory
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well-established explanation of some part of the world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypothesis; includes multiple parts
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gene
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small section of DNA that codes for a protein
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alleles
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variants of a gene
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microevolution
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genetic changes within a species; short time frame
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macroevolution
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origin and extinction of species; long time frame
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european thought during middle ages
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1. earth young & at center of universe
2. fixity of species (no evolution)
3. humans at top of scala naturae
4. organisms successful at what they do, because God designed them that way
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james ussher & john lightfoot
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james believed earth was created sunday, oct 23, 4004 bc; john added at 9 am london time
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plato
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world of ideals - for everything, there is an ideal or perfect counterpart
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aristotle
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scala naturae (ladder of nature) - organisms can be grouped on a linear scale from simple to complex
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teleology
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use of ultimate purpose or design as a means of explaining natural phenomena
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copernicus
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made observations of night sky & discovered earth is not at the center of the universe
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buffon
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french aristocrat & naturalist - historie natuelle
1. earth > 6000 yrs old
2. species change overtime
3. noted anotomical similarity btwn humans & apes & discussed possibility of common ancestry; no mechanism, though
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jean baptiste lamarck
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philosophie zoologique; 1st to propose a coherent mechanism to explain how evolution may occur; acquired characteristics passed onto offspring (WRONG)
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thomas malthus
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essay on the principle of population; compared european pop growth with food production capacity (pop growth faster); if left unchecked, pop will tend to increase faster than food resources
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new ideas around darwin's time
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1. world not at center of universe
2. humans are animals & have same basic anatomical features as many other animals
3. species can change over long pds of time in response to changes in environment
4. some species alive in past were not alive today
5. incremental changes over long pd…
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4 mechanisms of evolution
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natural selection
mutation
genetic drift
gene flow
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modern synthesis
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natural selection & other evolution mechanisms + laws of inheritability + understanding of protein synthesis
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biological species
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group of organisms that are 1. actually or potentially interbreeding and 2. reproductively isolated from other groups
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reproductive isolation
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something that prevents act of mating / production of viable offspring rather than physical separation; parts don't fit, diff body sizes, diff courtship rituals, genetical differences cause offspring to be sterile (mule)
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2 examples of exceptions to reproductive isolation
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male tiger & female lion; some guenon species
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3 modes of speciation
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allopatric, parapatric, & sympatric
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allopatric speciation
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pop is divided by a physical barrier (mountain, river) & then separated populations diverge over time
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parapatric evolution
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2 pops are physically adjacent but adapt to diff environmental conditions over time; hybrid zones occur btwn diff species ranges
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sympatric speciation
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indivs of a single pop in 1 habitat diverge over time; no large-scale separation or barrier; rarest mode of speciation; ex: tree hopper
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cladogenesis
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speciation by splitting of lineages
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adaptive radiation
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special type of cladogenesis; rapid series of multiple cladogenic events; often occurs following colonization of a new landmass; ex: hawaiian honeycreepers, lemurs
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anagenesis
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gradual transformation of one species into another; deciding where to recognize a species boundary is a problem
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adaption
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any trait that increases an organism's fitness (lifetime reproductive potential); must be maintained by natural selection
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exaptation
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when an adaption evolves for one function, but is then useful for another; ex: feathers - first for warmth in dinosaurs, then for flight in birds
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taxonomy
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scientific classification, usually based on shared characteristics
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phylogeny
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model of presumed evolutionary relationships based on shared characteristics
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primitive characters
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inherited from a more distant common ancestor; plesiomorphy
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derived characters
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evolutionary innovations that first appeared in the common ancestor of the group; apomorphy
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convergence
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similar function, but diff body parts; ex: flying lemur, gliding lizard, gliding snake
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parallelism
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similar function, same structures being used; more recent common ancestry that convergence; ex: parallel evolution of prehensile tails in S. America
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evolutionary reversal
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re-evolution of a plesiomorphic feature
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2 rules for reconstructing phylogenies
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1. you can't use symplesiomorphies to recognize clades, only synapomorphies
2. homoplasy is common & has the potential to mess up your phylogenetic reconstruction
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principle of parsimony
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parsimony = stinginess; assumes that features will evolve as few times as possible; minimizes homoplasy. these rules = cladistic methodology
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retrotransposons
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sequences of DNA that can copy themselves at random & reinsert themselves in the genome at random
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chicxulub impact crater
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asteroid that ended dinosaur pd; may be 3rd largest crater on earth; 200 km diameter; marks boundary between cretaceous & paleogene periods
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galileo
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refined telescope lens & looked at night sky; confirmed copernicus is right
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carolus linnaeus
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founded modern taxonomy with system nature; grouped humans with other primates
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richard owen
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anti-evolutionist; homology: same origin in diff animals under every variety of form & function; there is an archetype for living organisms/common anatomical plans for diff groups
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georges culvier
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anti-evolutionist & critic of lamarck; worked with fossils from paris basin; established extinction as a fact; catastrophism provided evidence that earth was old
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charles lyell
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scottish geologist; uniformitarianism; given enough time small changes can have a large effect; earth is very old
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charles darwin
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origin of species; natural selection
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3 fundamental points of natural selection
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1. ability of pop to expand is infinite but carrying capacity of environment finite
2. indivs can vary in morphology & behavior, differential surviving & reproduction
3. some of this variation is transmitted from parents to offspring
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for natural selection to occur...
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1. trait must be heritable
2. must be variation
3. must be differential reproduction
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fitness
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relative measure of lifetime reproductive success
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types of mutagens
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radiation, chemicals, viruses
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eocene epoch
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warmest period of time in last 65.5 million years; widespread tropical forests
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blending inheritance
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a model of inheritance in which the hereditary material of the mother and father was thought to combine irreversibly in the offspring
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genotype
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genetic makeup
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phenotype
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observable traits
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mutation
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random changes in the DNA sequence; ultimate source of new genetic variation in a population
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genetic drift
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random change in allele frequencies within a population that is produced by the random factors of inheritance and population subdivision
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gene flow
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the movement of alleles btwn populations through both migration and interbreeding of indivs from diff pops
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biological species
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a group of organisms that can't interbreed in nature
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ecological species
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absence of interbreeding btwn two pops is not a necessary condition for defining them as separate species
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3 postulates of natural selection
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limited resources, variation, & inheritance
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homologous character
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features that are shared by 2 organisms because they are inherited from a common ancestor
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analogous characters
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similar anatomical structures that evolved independently to accommodate a similar functional demand
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homoplasy
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similarity between 2+ taxa that is not inherited from their common ancestor; false similarity; usually in response to similar niche/environmental pressures; 3 types: convergence, parallelism, & evolutionary reversal
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symplesiomorphy
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shared primitive characters
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synapomorphy
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shared derived character
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axis of rotation
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point around which the lever moves
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force arm
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perpendicular distance btwn AOR & line of action of an applied force
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load (resistance) arm
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perpendicular distance btwn AOR & line of action of a load
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1st, 2nd, & 3rd class lever
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1: A
2: R- power
3: F- speed
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ANT 301:Exam 1