ANT301 1nd Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I. NoneOutline of Current Lecture II. What is a primate III. Primate Characteristics IV. Primate Myths V. Why did features of primates evolve?a. Arboreal hypothesis Current Lecture: What is a primate?Order primates:o Prosimianso Monkeyso Apeso Humans Carolus Linnaeus- order primates named by him- Systema naturae 1758- book that he wrote/ primate pops up for the first time Systema Naturae- Order #1 primates- Homo- know yourself/humans - Originally put humans and orangutans in the same genusLinnean Taxonomic Hierarchy- Kingdom: Animalia- Phylum: chordata - Class- Order - Family These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Genus: Homo- Specie: sapiens- Linnaus also included bates- order chiroptera (finger wings)- “flying lemus” or colugo order dermoptera (skin wing)- Tree shrews: order scandentia (squirrels) Primates may be recognized by a shared characteristics 1. Forward facing eyes a. Money (owl monkey)b. Prosimian (bush baby) 2. Wide binocular field (viewed by both eyes simultaneously/ tends to go along with excellent depth perception) +stereoscopy (perception of 3 dimensionality that comes with binocular vision) a. Stereoscopy- fusion of binocular visual field into one mental imageb. Demo- floating hot dogc. Binocular vision and stereoscopy critical for fine depth judgment3. High visual acuity a. Ability to make out fine small details in visual world (humans have va of 80)i. Foxes and eagles have higher 4. Orbit (boney eye socket) surrounded by bonea. Horses b. Bush baby (has post orbital bare that separates the eye from the jaw)5. More/larger visual brain areasa. Macaque- bigger cerebral cortex neo cortex where all the processing is done i. Half of the primates brain is dealing with visual input 6. Grasping (prehensile- you can pick up something and manipulate is with a single hand) hands/ divergent thumb 7. Grasping (prehensile) feet/ divergent hallux (big toe)8. Flattened nails instead of claws9. Large apical pads on the tips of digitsa. Non hairy/ globerous skin/ palms and soles with finger prints10. Small litter size (usually 1)11. Relatively long period of gestation (staying in he uterus) and infant dependency (1-16 years) Primate myths: - Features only some primates have that are often attributed to all primateso Reduced olfactory apparatus and poor sense of small Mainly old monkeys +apeso Large brains compared to other mammals Mainly monkeys and apes: many prominent and average brain size o Binocular vision, stereoscopy and color vision (even rabbits have some binocular overlap and dogs aren’t color blind)o Big brain (only homo unique; big brains also found in cetaceans (whales), elephants, carnivores) Features 1-11 found in most living primates because they were present in the last common ancestor of primates (newly evolved and set them apart from other mammals)- These features NOT present in the last common ancestor of mammals:o Clawedo Hands and feet not prehensileo Relatively poor vision, narrow binocular fieldo Large litters/ short period of infant dependency So why did the characteristic features of primates evolve?- 1st explanationo Arboreal hypothesis- primate leap from tree to tree/ primate characteristics evolved for life in the trees/ high visual acuity for target etc.  These climb trees too: - Bears- Cats- Squirrels (sideways facing eyes, and don't have hands and feet)o Sir Grafton Elliot Smith- forward facing eyes are required for life in the