ANT301 1nd Edition Lecture 6Outline of Last Lecture I. Comparing catarrhines II. Hominoids a. Gibbonsb. Orangutansc. Gorillasd. Chimpse. Humans Outline of Current Lecture I. Hominoids a. Gorillasb. ChimpsII. Niche Current Lecture: Apes ContI. Gorillas (Gorilla): a. Social groups- harems adult male gorillas will try to kick each other out b. Terrestrial locomotion- knuckle walking to preserve long fingers used from getting fruits in treesc. Tool use- lowland gorillas (walking stick to test the depth of the water)II. Chimps (Pan)- last common ancestor: 6-8 MYA between us a. Chimps are in Africa and have a wider distb. Pet trade c. Common Chimp (Pan troglodytes)i. Body mass F100; M130 1. Smaller than humansThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Also knuckle walker 3. Sexual dimorphism- Males are sub heavier than femalesii. Core of social groups- band of related males (common for both species) defend a large area that contains smaller female ranges 1. Females have weaker social bondsiii. Diet- ripe fruit and celery/ nevels and Columbus Red Monkeys1. Low ranking males and females love to beg iv. Manufacture and use many types of tools1. Learned with regional variation (culture associated with tool use just like humans) d. Pygmy chimp or Bonobo (Pan paniscus)i. Democratic Republic of the Congo Basin river divides the two species ii. Body mass- smaller than common chimp and a little less sexually dimorphic 1. F68; M86iii. Also a knuckle walker but they walk around bipedal to carry things (common chimps too)iv. Core of social group (opp in Bonobos)- band of unrelated females who can cooperate to collectively dominate males1. Mech by which females reinforce social bond GG rubbing or sex sex is the currency of Bonobo society and occurs between all group members a. Males do not penetrate one another, but “penis fence”III. Primate Ecologya. The study of how primates interacts with their environment (including other organisms)b. Niche- ecological role of a species within a larger community of organismsc. Describe how a species live sin an ecosystem including both:i. The range of conditions necessary for a species survivalii. Its impact of the specie son the environmentd. Niche descriptions are multidimensional; total range of envoi parameters that allows a species to survive e. Description of niche includes things like:i. Diet (frugivore, folivore, insectivore?)ii. Locomotion (terrestrial or arborial)iii. Activity pattern (diurnal, nocturnal, cathemeral- most common activity pattern for mammals, you are active intermittently throughout the day)iv. Predators and anti predation strategy v. Ranging patternvi. Social behavior 1. These variables are called “niche axes”2. Think of it as how do you make your living, what do you do… talk about competition between species how one species avoid competing directly with other speciesf. Competitive exclusion principle: i. No two species that occupy the same niche can coexist over time (distinguishes somehow)1. One species will eventually outcompete the other 2. 2 diff species cannot coexist indefinitely off the same limited resources ii. Major implication: if species are to coexist in the same habitat, they must differ in their niche in some way to avoid competition 1. An example: Red squirrels v. grey squirrels in Britain imported grey squirrels from the US and the red squirrel had the same nicheand the grey had the better niche to survive a. The competitive exclusion principle does not allow grey and red squirrels to share the same niche greys will replace red iii. Corollaries: 1. Often strongest competitors are your closest phyletic relatives2. The most intense competition for resources is usually intraspecific (from members of your own species)a. Members of your own species have the same niche as you b. There will be niche overlap with related species 3. Niches can be overlapping when food is abundant, but tend to become discrete in times of food scarcity (Ex Howler (most foliverous for all of the primates) v. Spider Monkey shift their diet when more fruits)a. Ripe fruit is limited iv. Final point: imagine 2 species with similar niches living in same habitatv. One of both will shift niche to avoid competitionvi. But in areas were range doesn't overlap, same species may be much moregeneralized in their niche1. Ecological release- they are released from constraints of the niche by shifting / niche expansion following the removal of a constraining