PHIL 1020: Midterm
36 Cards in this Set
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Mere Assertion Fallacy
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Simply stating that something is true or false without providing any justification
(Saying something is t/f with no reason)
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Appeal to the Crowd Fallacy
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something is true because because lots of people agree with it
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The "Upbringing" Fallacy
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It's true because that is how they were raised. They confuse explanation with justification
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Appeal to Authority Fallacy
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Something is right because a famous person said it is
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Slippery Slope Fallacy
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Something is wrong because it leads to something extreme
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Straw Person Fallacy
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Presenting a certain group or position as holding a particular view which they may or may not do, just in order to attack it.
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False Dilemma Fallacy
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Presenting an issue as if there were only two alternatives with the implication of accepting one but rejecting the other.
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Equivocation Fallacy
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Relying on using a word in two different senses to make an inference
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Appeal to Emotion Fallacy
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swaying someones views through an emotion rather than through reason
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Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy
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something is true because we don't know that its false (vice versa)
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Ad Hominem Fallacy
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trying to turn someone against a particular view by criticizing the person who holds that view, rather than addressing the view itself
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Appeal to Pragmatism Fallacy
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something is morally right because it works
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Appeal to the Law Fallacy
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Something is morally right because it is legal
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What is the basic, commonly-held idea on which simple subjectivism is based?
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Each person's moral values are based on their feelings and nothing more
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What is one of the normally accepted features of morality that under a simple subjectivist view becomes problematic?
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people disagree over moral issues
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I say "It is wrong to bomb civilians" a Simple Subjectivist would say that what I am really saying is....
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I have a feeling of disapproval about dropping bombs on civilians
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I say "Smoking marijuana is wrong." an emotivist would say that what I am really saying here is:
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"Boo marijuana smoking!"
"Don't smoke marijuana!"
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What is meant by the tern "argument" as it is used in philosophy?
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a logically connected set of statements intended to establish the truth of a certain idea
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arguments are made up of two main parts. These are:
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Premises and conclusion
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One test discussed in class that can be used to see if an argument is a good one is to ask:
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assuming that that premises are true, would the conclusion have to be true
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A second test discussed in class that can be used to see if an argument is a good one is to ask:
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is each of the premises actually true?
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What is a moral skeptic?
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A person who doubts that there are such things as objective moral truths
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What makes an argument valid?
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Premises have to be true which makes the conclusion true
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What makes an argument invalid?
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Either the premises or the conclusion is false
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Cultural Relativism
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Killing babies is not okay for our culture but it is for other culture
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Attractiveness Cultural Relativism
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1. Enlightened attitude toward cultural diff
2. tolerant, non-judemental
3.Reduces intergroup conflict
4.Cultural differences
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Problems with Cultural Relativism
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1. Cultural Differences Argument invalid
2.Unable to condemn or praise
3.Moral progress becomes incoherent
4. Implies that a culture is always morally right
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Simple Subjectivism
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When I say killing children is wrong what I am really saying is the killing of children gives me a feeling of disgust and revulsion
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Moral Judgement
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statement about my feelings
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Attractiveness of SS
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1. individual differences in moral views
2. reflects some of our common ideas and practices
3. Moral reactions feel like emotional reactions
4. tolerance
5. conflict reduction
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Simple Subjectivism Objection 1
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Disagreements
1. If ss is correct, there can be no moral disagreements
2. we do have moral disagreements
3. Therefore, SS is not correct
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Simple Subjectivism Objection 2:
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Fallibility:
1. If SS is correct, people cannot be mistaken in their moral views
2.People can be mistaken in their moral views
3. Therefore, SS is not correct
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Simple Subjectivism Objection 3:
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Moral Depravity:
1. Rwandan Massacres
2. Mark Friearich saves Katie Shelton from the rottweilers
3. Bob "The kid should mind his own business"
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Emotivism
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Expression of Feelings:
"Homosexuality is wrong"
1: Expression of feelings: "Homosexuality, boo!" PLUS
2: "Don't do it!"
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Natural Law Theory
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-God is good and perfectly rational
-Universe structured on rational principles
-Everything has a natural end or purpose that it aims toward
-Can appeal to non-believers as well
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Natural Law
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Action is right if:
-stems from a natural urge or is in keeping with the rational design of the universe
Action is wrong if:
-goes against a natural urge or goes against the rational design
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PHIL 1020: Midterm