PHIL 1020 Lecture 4Outline of Current LectureI. MLK’s “Letter From A Birmingham Jail”II. What is an Argument?a. Componentsb. Good argumentsIII. Standard Form IV. 2 TestsV. SoundnessVI. Other types of Argumentsa. Inductiveb. Arguments by AnalogyCurrent LectureI. MLK’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”- This letter was a reply to the criticism that MLK was receiving from others- Responds with arguments.II. What is an Argument?-note: not a verbal fight- A series of logically connected reasons- Intended to prove that something is true (or false)A. Components of Arguments1. Premises- A set of reasons which give local support for the ……2. Conclusion- The main idea or point which the reasons are meant to supportB. Good Arguments- We want to arrive at the right conclusion through correct reasoning- If the argument is a good one:o The conclusion follows from the premises- How do we know whether it’s a good argument?o First step: put it into standard form – list all of the premises, then the conclusion.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Standard FormExample:1. All Kiwis (New Zealanders) like Rugby2. Ian is a Kiwi3. Therefore, Ian likes Rugby- This is a deductive (based on reason and logical analysis of available facts): it aims at 100% conclusion.- BUT, is it a good one?IV. 2 TestsTest 1: Is it valid?- First, imagine that the premises are trueo If they were would the conclusion have to be true?Test 2: Truth of the Premises?- Look at each premise individually,- Is each premise actually true?For the example above in stand form, it passes Test 1 because if all the premises were true, that all Kiwis like Rugby and Ian is a Kiwi then he therefore would like Rugby.. but it does not pass Test 2 because 1. You would have to ask all Kiwis to find out if premise number 1 is true.V. SoundnessIf the argument is valid and the premises are true…- It is then considered soundI.e., 100% certain that the conclusion is trueVI. Other types of Arguments- Inductive- aiming at a generalized conclusion which are PROBABLY true.o E.g., “Every French person I’ve met is friendly. Pascale is French. So Pascale is probably friendly”- Arguments by Analogy- E.g., “blaming soldiers for wars is like blaming firefightersfor fires” o Compares two cases A, and B.o In case A, we draw one conclusion. Therefore, we should draw the same in case