PHIL 1020 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I.Outline of Current Lecture II. The Problem of Injusticea. Refuting the Objectiono Response 1o Response 2- ObjectionsIII. Torture: Is it always wrong?IV. The Ticking Bomb ScenarioCurrent LectureII. The Problem of Injustice- Is it compatible with our notions of individual rights and justice?- Sacrificing the individual for the greater goodo E.g., the sheriff who frames an innocent person to prevent a rioto Or torturing the suspected terrorist- Utilitarists would seem to approveA. Refuting the Objection- Utilitarianism challenges our common ideas about morality.- Options:1. Change our common ideas2. Preserve common ideas but change the theory3. Reject the theoryResponse 1: Rights Shmights!- Bentham: Rights are “nonsense upon stilts”- If this goes against our moral intuitions, change our intuitions!Response 2: Modify theoryThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Act v Role Utilitarianism- Act Utilitarianism – which act will produce the best overall consequences?o Act A: Let X,Y, and Z dieo Act B: Torture Wo Act Utilitarian performs happiness calculus for each act &Act B comes out on top- Rule Utilitarianism – Instead of asking “What if we did B in this case?” ask “What if we always did B?”o Adopt general rules of action maximize happinesso These rules guide our actionso Compare 2 different rules:1. “Never torture anyone.”2. “Use torture if you think it will benefit others.”o Which rule is likely to result in a greater overall amount of happiness/suffering?- Objections against Rule Utilitarianism 1. Is Rule Utilitarianism detaching morality of actions from consequences?2. If it turned out that more happiness is created by a rule that says it’s right to torture,it is right.o But torture is just wrong.o Dershowitz: but maybe it’s sometimes necessaryIII. Torture: Is it Always Wrong?- Normally, all agree it is- Something from the barbaric past- Goes against values of a modern, liberal, democratic, rights-respecting society- But in war, many moral rules change- Why not this one?IV. The Ticking Bomb ScenarioHere, the torturer is not evil- Likened to the solider, firefighter.- “A dirty job but someone has to do it”- Surely even the liberal can see the justification in this case.- The nation’s security is in the balance and lives that are hanging on their actions.Torture defined“any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purpose…”- E.g., Abu Ghraib Prison, Baghdad, Iraq“We don’t really do that kind of thing! (Do we?)”- US practices in