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PHIL 1020: Midterm
Mere Assertion Fallacy |
Simply stating that something is true or false without providing any justification
(Saying something is t/f with no reason) |
Appeal to the Crowd Fallacy |
something is true because because lots of people agree with it |
The "Upbringing" Fallacy |
It's true because that is how they were raised. They confuse explanation with justification |
Appeal to Authority Fallacy |
Something is right because a famous person said it is |
Slippery Slope Fallacy |
Something is wrong because it leads to something extreme |
Straw Person Fallacy |
Presenting a certain group or position as holding a particular view which they may or may not do, just in order to attack it. |
False Dilemma Fallacy |
Presenting an issue as if there were only two alternatives with the implication of accepting one but rejecting the other. |
Equivocation Fallacy |
Relying on using a word in two different senses to make an inference |
Appeal to Emotion Fallacy |
swaying someones views through an emotion rather than through reason |
Appeal to Ignorance Fallacy |
something is true because we don't know that its false (vice versa) |
Ad Hominem Fallacy |
trying to turn someone against a particular view by criticizing the person who holds that view, rather than addressing the view itself |
Appeal to Pragmatism Fallacy |
something is morally right because it works
|
Appeal to the Law Fallacy
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Something is morally right because it is legal
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What is the basic, commonly-held idea on which simple subjectivism is based?
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Each person's moral values are based on their feelings and nothing more
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What is one of the normally accepted features of morality that under a simple subjectivist view becomes problematic?
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people disagree over moral issues
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I say "It is wrong to bomb civilians" a Simple Subjectivist would say that what I am really saying is....
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I have a feeling of disapproval about dropping bombs on civilians
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I say "Smoking marijuana is wrong." an emotivist would say that what I am really saying here is:
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"Boo marijuana smoking!"
"Don't smoke marijuana!" |
What is meant by the tern "argument" as it is used in philosophy? |
a logically connected set of statements intended to establish the truth of a certain idea |
arguments are made up of two main parts. These are: |
Premises and conclusion |
One test discussed in class that can be used to see if an argument is a good one is to ask: |
assuming that that premises are true, would the conclusion have to be true |
A second test discussed in class that can be used to see if an argument is a good one is to ask: |
is each of the premises actually true? |
What is a moral skeptic? |
A person who doubts that there are such things as objective moral truths |
What makes an argument valid? |
Premises have to be true which makes the conclusion true |
What makes an argument invalid?
|
Either the premises or the conclusion is false
|
Cultural Relativism
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Killing babies is not okay for our culture but it is for other culture
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Attractiveness Cultural Relativism
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1. Enlightened attitude toward cultural diff
2. tolerant, non-judemental
3.Reduces intergroup conflict
4.Cultural differences |
Problems with Cultural Relativism
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1. Cultural Differences Argument invalid
2.Unable to condemn or praise
3.Moral progress becomes incoherent
4. Implies that a culture is always morally right |
Simple Subjectivism
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When I say killing children is wrong what I am really saying is the killing of children gives me a feeling of disgust and revulsion
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Moral Judgement
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statement about my feelings
|
Attractiveness of SS
|
1. individual differences in moral views
2. reflects some of our common ideas and practices
3. Moral reactions feel like emotional reactions
4. tolerance
5. conflict reduction |
Simple Subjectivism Objection 1
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Disagreements
1. If ss is correct, there can be no moral disagreements
2. we do have moral disagreements
3. Therefore, SS is not correct |
Simple Subjectivism Objection 2:
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Fallibility:
1. If SS is correct, people cannot be mistaken in their moral views
2.People can be mistaken in their moral views
3. Therefore, SS is not correct |
Simple Subjectivism Objection 3:
|
Moral Depravity:
1. Rwandan Massacres
2. Mark Friearich saves Katie Shelton from the rottweilers
3. Bob "The kid should mind his own business" |
Emotivism
|
Expression of Feelings:
"Homosexuality is wrong"
1: Expression of feelings: "Homosexuality, boo!" PLUS
2: "Don't do it!" |
Natural Law Theory
|
-God is good and perfectly rational
-Universe structured on rational principles
-Everything has a natural end or purpose that it aims toward
-Can appeal to non-believers as well |
Natural Law
|
Action is right if:
-stems from a natural urge or is in keeping with the rational design of the universe
Action is wrong if:
-goes against a natural urge or goes against the rational design |