BIOL 152: Animal Systems
54 Cards in this Set
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Homeostasis
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Maintenance of constant internal environment in an organism
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homeostasis
process
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1. osmoregulation
2. excrete metabolic wastes
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Osmoregulation
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is the homeostatic control of the uptake and loss or water and solutes such as salt and other ions
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water loss in terrestrial animals
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evaporation, sweat, urination, defecation
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water gain in terrestrial animals
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salts , drinking and eating
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water gain/loss in aquatic animals?
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*Freshwater organisms excrete water, conserve ions.
*Marine species conserve water, excrete ions.
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Excretion
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*Removes metabolic waste
* Removes Ammonia(toxic)
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Removal of ammonia in aquatic animals
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Forms in cells and diffuses out into water
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Removal of ammonia in terrestrial animals
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Convert it to urea or uric acid
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Osmoregulation Process
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1.Filtration
2.Reabsorption
3.Secretion
4.Elimination
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Metanephridium
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a type of excretory tubule with internal openings called nephrostomes that collect body fluids and external openings called nephridiospores.
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Protonephridium
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An excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubes lacking internal openings.
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Vertebrate kidney purpose's
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1.osmoregulation
2.excrete
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Nephron
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-Nephron is functional unit of kidney
-Blood enters nephron by blood pressure in glomerulus and is filtered through Bowman’s capsule
-Fluid is called filtrate
-Water and small molecules pass into proximal tubule
-filtrate passes through loop of Henle, then distal
-filtrate empties in…
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Homeostasis detailed steps
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1.Filtration- Blood in glomerulus forces fluid into bowmans capsule. ECM acts as selective filter.
2.Reabsorption- takes back "good stuff" through proximal Tubule
3.Secretion of toxins from blood into filtrate(ammonia , toxins, drugs)
4.Loop of Henle- Adaptation for water retention (bi…
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ADH
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Antidiuretic Hormone
Vasopressin: controlls permeability
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Cell Surface receptor
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Signal Transduction
H20 soluble
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intracellular receptor
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regulation of gene expression
Lipid Soluble
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Endocrine cells and glands
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secrete hormones
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Diuresis
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increased urine production
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ADH concentration high?
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Collecting Duct permeability High
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ADH concentration low
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collecting duct permeability decreases
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Less ADH released when?
and what happens?
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*consume excess water
*Alcohol and caffeine (inhibit ADH release)
*and More urine produced
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More ADh released when? and what happens?
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* Excessive water loss
* osmolarity increases
*Water retained and returned to blood
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Negative Feedback
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Response to a change in a variable which reverses direction of the change. (set point = desired value)
example. Exercise produces heat ; exercise produces CO2)
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Circulatory System (fluid transport system)
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contains
1.BVS
2.Lymph system
purpose Respiration and excretion
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Chambered heart components
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Atrium
Ventricle
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries
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Atrium
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Receives Blood sends to Ventricle
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Ventricle
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Takes blood to respiratory surface and organs
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Arteries & Arterioles
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Takes blood away from heart
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Veins and Venules
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takes blood to heart
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Capillaries
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Sites of substance exchange
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Circulation of fish
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Single circuit
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Circulation in Amphibians , reptiles and mammals
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Double circulation
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Heart
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Pump cardian muscle
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heart stimulation?
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systole - contraction
Diastole- Relaxtion
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Whats in blood?
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Plasma
Red and white B.C
Platelets
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Plasma
Red and white B.C
Platelets
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90% water
plasma proteins(clotting proteins)
glucose
ions
enzymes
antibodies
hormones
gases
wastes
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Red Blood Cells
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Contain hemoglobin.
carries oxygen
called erythrocytes.
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Platelets
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cell fragments
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white blood cells
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defensive cells
Phagocytes & specialized immune system cells
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where are blood cells produced
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in bone marrow
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Sinoatrial node
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Muscle tissue ; sets rate of contractions.
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Hormones and nerves regulate what?
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beat rate of heart
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heart attack
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myocardial infarction - death of cardiac muscle
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stroke
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death of nervous tissue in brain
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2 types of reasons for strokes
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Ischemic- Blockage
Hemorrhagic- Breakage
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Atherosclerosis
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chronic cardiovascular disease; plaque build up
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plaques
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block arteries can lead to heart attack
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hypertension
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(high blood pressure) promotes atherosclerosis and increases risk of heart attack and stroke
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damage to vessel lining can trigger?
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plaque formation
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Low density Lipoproteins
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bad cholesterol
build up of cholesterol in plaques
(transports to tissue)
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high Density lipoproteins
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Good cholesterol
(reduce LDL)
transports to liver
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exercise
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increases HDL concentration. Inhibits LBD
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BIOL 152: Animals Part 1