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BIOL 152: Animal Systems
Homeostasis |
Maintenance of constant internal environment in an organism |
homeostasis
process |
1. osmoregulation
2. excrete metabolic wastes |
Osmoregulation |
is the homeostatic control of the uptake and loss or water and solutes such as salt and other ions |
water loss in terrestrial animals |
evaporation, sweat, urination, defecation
|
water gain in terrestrial animals |
salts , drinking and eating |
water gain/loss in aquatic animals? |
*Freshwater organisms excrete water, conserve ions.
*Marine species conserve water, excrete ions. |
Excretion |
*Removes metabolic waste
* Removes Ammonia(toxic) |
Removal of ammonia in aquatic animals |
Forms in cells and diffuses out into water |
Removal of ammonia in terrestrial animals |
Convert it to urea or uric acid |
Osmoregulation Process |
1.Filtration
2.Reabsorption
3.Secretion
4.Elimination |
Metanephridium
|
a type of excretory tubule with internal openings called nephrostomes that collect body fluids and external openings called nephridiospores. |
Protonephridium
|
An excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubes lacking internal openings. |
Vertebrate kidney purpose's
|
1.osmoregulation
2.excrete |
Nephron
|
-Nephron is functional unit of kidney
-Blood enters nephron by blood pressure in glomerulus and is filtered through Bowman’s capsule
-Fluid is called filtrate
-Water and small molecules pass into proximal tubule
-filtrate passes through loop of Henle, then distal
-filtrate empties into collecting ducts and leaves nephron as urine |
Homeostasis detailed steps
|
1.Filtration- Blood in glomerulus forces fluid into bowmans capsule. ECM acts as selective filter.
2.Reabsorption- takes back "good stuff" through proximal Tubule
3.Secretion of toxins from blood into filtrate(ammonia , toxins, drugs)
4.Loop of Henle- Adaptation for water retention (birds and mammals) (osmotic gradient for h20 reabsoroption established)
5.Dilute formative urine to collecting duct (where water is reabsorbed)
6.urine to bladder
7.urination occurs |
ADH
|
Antidiuretic Hormone
Vasopressin: controlls permeability |
Cell Surface receptor |
Signal Transduction
H20 soluble |
intracellular receptor |
regulation of gene expression
Lipid Soluble |
Endocrine cells and glands |
secrete hormones |
Diuresis |
increased urine production |
ADH concentration high? |
Collecting Duct permeability High |
ADH concentration low |
collecting duct permeability decreases |
Less ADH released when?
and what happens? |
*consume excess water
*Alcohol and caffeine (inhibit ADH release)
*and More urine produced |
More ADh released when? and what happens? |
* Excessive water loss
* osmolarity increases
*Water retained and returned to blood |
Negative Feedback |
Response to a change in a variable which reverses direction of the change. (set point = desired value)
example. Exercise produces heat ; exercise produces CO2) |
Circulatory System (fluid transport system) |
contains
1.BVS
2.Lymph system
purpose Respiration and excretion |
Chambered heart components |
Atrium
Ventricle
Arteries
Arterioles
Veins
Venules
Capillaries |
Atrium
|
Receives Blood sends to Ventricle |
Ventricle |
Takes blood to respiratory surface and organs |
Arteries & Arterioles |
Takes blood away from heart |
Veins and Venules |
takes blood to heart |
Capillaries |
Sites of substance exchange |
Circulation of fish
|
Single circuit |
Circulation in Amphibians , reptiles and mammals |
Double circulation |
Heart |
Pump cardian muscle |
heart stimulation? |
systole - contraction
Diastole- Relaxtion |
Whats in blood? |
Plasma
Red and white B.C
Platelets |
Plasma
Red and white B.C
Platelets |
90% water
plasma proteins(clotting proteins)
glucose
ions
enzymes
antibodies
hormones
gases
wastes |
Red Blood Cells |
Contain hemoglobin.
carries oxygen
called erythrocytes. |
Platelets |
cell fragments |
white blood cells |
defensive cells
Phagocytes & specialized immune system cells |
where are blood cells produced |
in bone marrow |
Sinoatrial node |
Muscle tissue ; sets rate of contractions. |
Hormones and nerves regulate what?
|
beat rate of heart |
heart attack |
myocardial infarction - death of cardiac muscle |
stroke |
death of nervous tissue in brain |
2 types of reasons for strokes |
Ischemic- Blockage
Hemorrhagic- Breakage |
Atherosclerosis |
chronic cardiovascular disease; plaque build up |
plaques |
block arteries can lead to heart attack |
hypertension |
(high blood pressure) promotes atherosclerosis and increases risk of heart attack and stroke |
damage to vessel lining can trigger? |
plaque formation |
Low density Lipoproteins |
bad cholesterol
build up of cholesterol in plaques
(transports to tissue) |
high Density lipoproteins |
Good cholesterol
(reduce LDL)
transports to liver |
exercise
|
increases HDL concentration. Inhibits LBD
|