BIO_SC 1010: TEST 3
68 Cards in this Set
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Fragmentation
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split into 2 or more pieces
ex) flatworms, seastars
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Budding
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new individual grows out of adult
ex) hydra
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Parthenogenesis
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Females lay unfertilized egg that just develops
ex) insects
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Hermaphroditic
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both make and female reproductive organs
ex) earthworms
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External Fertilization
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fish eggs, not efficient
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Internal Fertilization
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invented by reptiles (but still lay eggs)
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Menstrual Cycle
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periodic shedding of tissue and blood
endometrium - lining of uterus is sheaded pituitary gland - secretes FSH
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FSH
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Follicle stimulating hormone follicle - immature egg
the follicle will produce estrogen
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LH
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Luteinizing Hormone
causes ovulation egg freed, goes to fallopian tube
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Corpus Lutenum
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new name for wall after egg is gone
starts making hormones - estrogen and progesterone
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Successful Fertilization
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embryo embeds itself in endometrial wall
cells line embryo HCG is made which keeps the embryo there
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HCG
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Human chorionic gonadotropin
prevents degeration floods urine, what pregnancy tests detect
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Placenta
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Exchange region between mom and baby
blood does not mix makes large amounts of HCG
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Estrogen
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helps rebuild endometrium
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Uterus
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Where fetus will develop
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Anaximander
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Life arose in water
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Aristotle
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believed species do not change, were fixed
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Georges Buffon
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one of first to study fossils
species originated from earlier forms never published paper about it
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George Cuvier
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found similarities in fossils and modern day animals
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Lamarck
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Came up with idea that giraffes stretched their necks, trait carried on
he was wrong
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Charles Darwin
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Descent with modification
brought book with him - Charles Lyell "Principles of Geology" Natural Selection On the origin of the species by means of natural selection
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Natural Selection
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1) more offspring are produced then could ever survive
2) individuals in every population show variation 3) adaptive traits - gives you an advantage (faster rabbit)
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Differential Reproduction
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Result of natural selection
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Survival of the Fittest
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whos alive and and who isnt
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Artificial Selection
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Selecting favorable traits (farmers selecting milking cows)
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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came up with same ideas as darwin
explored islands on his own
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Gene Pool
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Genetics in a certain species
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Population
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only thing that evolves, individuals do not evolve
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Peppered Moths
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Example of natural selection due to lychan (stuff on trees)
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Stabilizing Selection
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Bell Curve
favors the average organism being average is good
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Directional Selection
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Bell Curve
strong selective pressure about one extreme, not both mainly due to change in environment peppered moths
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Disruptive Selection
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Favors both extremes
Average is not good Sealions
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Genetic Drift
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Bottle neck effect
disaster that will drastically reduce population size survivors will reproduce, offspring take on traits of survivors Cheetahs - very similar DNA, dont want to breed
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Founder Effect
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colonization of brand new location by a small number of individuals
galapagos finches - closely resemble birds in equator
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Carolus Linnaes
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Used latin as a universal scientific language
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Binomial Nomenclature
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First word is capital, rest is lowercase, all is italics
(Nick marchesi) italics
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Domain: Eukarya
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Kingdoms
1) Protists 2) Fungi 3) Plants 4) Animals
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Domain: Bacteria
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prokaryotes
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Domain: Archaea
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prokaryotes
live in crazy places
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Fungi Kingdom
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Heterotrophs
decomposers of world not photosynthetic
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Groups of Fungi
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1) Zygomycetes
- molds - rotting fruit, black bread mold, etc 2) Sac Fungi - very diverse - Morels - good tasting mushrooms - penecillin - yeast 3) Club Fungi - vast majority are deadly, mushrooms
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Plant Kingdom
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Bryophyta
- non - vascular plants - no roots, stems, or leaves - use diffusion and osmosis - moss Tracheophyta - vascular plants, roots stems leaves - seedless - fern, uses spores - seed everything else, ginko
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Sponges
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invertebrates
filterfeed no tissues
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Jellies
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invertebrates
tisues
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Mollusc
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invertebrates
soft bodied animal ex) snails, slugs, oysters, clams, squid first group to have circulatory system have shell
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Arthropods
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invertebrates
"joint footed" exoskeleton 1 million known species, insects make up 900k lobsters, crabs, shrimp, crawdads
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Seastars
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first to have exoskeleton and some internal structure
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Chordates
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Vertebrate
internal support structure
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Chondrichthyes
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vertebrate
cartilage fish sharks, skates, rays
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Osteichthyes
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vertebrate
bone fish swim fast
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Amphibians
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vertebrate
frogs, toads, salimanders can live on land, stay near water reproduce in water skin can dry out
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Reptilla
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vertebrate
scales - keep water in amniotic egg - shelled egg, wont dry out internal fertilization - deposit sperm in femals run fast
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Birds
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vertebrate
from crocodiles warm blooded - 4 chamber heart amniotic egg active all year long hollow bones, allow flight h
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Mammals
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vertebrates
evolved from reptiles warm blooded mammary gland most have internal embryonic development
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Monotremes
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most primitive mammal
lay eggs with leathery shell no teeth platypus
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Marsupial
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mammal
no placenta give birth a few weeks in stay on mother, latch on mammary gland kangaroos, wombats, koala
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Population
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a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species at a given area at a given time
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Community
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all of the populations occupying a given area at a given time
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Ecosystem
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a community and its environment
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Population Density
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number of individuals of a species for a given area
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Dispersion Patterns
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clumped - clumps of animals, most common
uniform - evenly dispersed, humans do this random - rare
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Exponential Growth
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unlimited resources
bacteria can do this birthrate exceeds deathrate
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Population Limiting Factors
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things that stop the population growth
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Density Dependent Factors
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effects depend on how many critters you have (food, etc)
dingos
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Density Independent Factors
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factor has nothing to do with population
- weather
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Carrying Capacity
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(K) max number of individuals of a species that can live in a certain habitat
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Logistic Growth
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S - shaped curve, what happens in nature
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Boom and Bust Population Cycle
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Study Guide: Final Exam