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BIO_SC 1010: TEST 3
Fragmentation |
split into 2 or more pieces
ex) flatworms, seastars
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Budding |
new individual grows out of adult
ex) hydra
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Parthenogenesis |
Females lay unfertilized egg that just develops
ex) insects
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Hermaphroditic |
both make and female reproductive organs
ex) earthworms
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External Fertilization |
fish eggs, not efficient
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Internal Fertilization |
invented by reptiles (but still lay eggs)
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Menstrual Cycle |
periodic shedding of tissue and blood
endometrium - lining of uterus is sheaded pituitary gland - secretes FSH
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FSH |
Follicle stimulating hormone follicle - immature egg
the follicle will produce estrogen
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LH |
Luteinizing Hormone
causes ovulation egg freed, goes to fallopian tube
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Corpus Lutenum |
new name for wall after egg is gone
starts making hormones - estrogen and progesterone
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Successful Fertilization |
embryo embeds itself in endometrial wall
cells line embryo HCG is made which keeps the embryo there
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HCG |
Human chorionic gonadotropin
prevents degeration floods urine, what pregnancy tests detect
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Placenta |
Exchange region between mom and baby
blood does not mix makes large amounts of HCG
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Estrogen |
helps rebuild endometrium
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Uterus |
Where fetus will develop
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Anaximander |
Life arose in water
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Aristotle |
believed species do not change, were fixed
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Georges Buffon |
one of first to study fossils
species originated from earlier forms never published paper about it
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George Cuvier |
found similarities in fossils and modern day animals
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Lamarck |
Came up with idea that giraffes stretched their necks, trait carried on
he was wrong
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Charles Darwin |
Descent with modification
brought book with him - Charles Lyell "Principles of Geology" Natural Selection On the origin of the species by means of natural selection
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Natural Selection |
1) more offspring are produced then could ever survive
2) individuals in every population show variation 3) adaptive traits - gives you an advantage (faster rabbit)
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Differential Reproduction |
Result of natural selection
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Survival of the Fittest |
whos alive and and who isnt
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Artificial Selection |
Selecting favorable traits (farmers selecting milking cows)
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Alfred Russel Wallace |
came up with same ideas as darwin
explored islands on his own
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Gene Pool |
Genetics in a certain species
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Population |
only thing that evolves, individuals do not evolve
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Peppered Moths |
Example of natural selection due to lychan (stuff on trees)
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Stabilizing Selection |
Bell Curve
favors the average organism being average is good
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Directional Selection |
Bell Curve
strong selective pressure about one extreme, not both mainly due to change in environment peppered moths
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Disruptive Selection |
Favors both extremes
Average is not good Sealions
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Genetic Drift |
Bottle neck effect
disaster that will drastically reduce population size survivors will reproduce, offspring take on traits of survivors Cheetahs - very similar DNA, dont want to breed
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Founder Effect |
colonization of brand new location by a small number of individuals
galapagos finches - closely resemble birds in equator
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Carolus Linnaes |
Used latin as a universal scientific language
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Binomial Nomenclature |
First word is capital, rest is lowercase, all is italics
(Nick marchesi) italics
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Domain: Eukarya |
Kingdoms
1) Protists 2) Fungi 3) Plants 4) Animals
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Domain: Bacteria |
prokaryotes
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Domain: Archaea |
prokaryotes
live in crazy places
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Fungi Kingdom |
Heterotrophs
decomposers of world not photosynthetic
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Groups of Fungi |
1) Zygomycetes
- molds - rotting fruit, black bread mold, etc 2) Sac Fungi - very diverse - Morels - good tasting mushrooms - penecillin - yeast 3) Club Fungi - vast majority are deadly, mushrooms
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Plant Kingdom |
Bryophyta
- non - vascular plants - no roots, stems, or leaves - use diffusion and osmosis - moss Tracheophyta - vascular plants, roots stems leaves - seedless - fern, uses spores - seed everything else, ginko
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Sponges |
invertebrates
filterfeed no tissues
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Jellies |
invertebrates
tisues
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Mollusc |
invertebrates
soft bodied animal ex) snails, slugs, oysters, clams, squid first group to have circulatory system have shell
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Arthropods |
invertebrates
"joint footed" exoskeleton 1 million known species, insects make up 900k lobsters, crabs, shrimp, crawdads
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Seastars |
first to have exoskeleton and some internal structure
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Chordates |
Vertebrate
internal support structure
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Chondrichthyes |
vertebrate
cartilage fish sharks, skates, rays
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Osteichthyes |
vertebrate
bone fish swim fast
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Amphibians |
vertebrate
frogs, toads, salimanders can live on land, stay near water reproduce in water skin can dry out
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Reptilla |
vertebrate
scales - keep water in amniotic egg - shelled egg, wont dry out internal fertilization - deposit sperm in femals run fast
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Birds |
vertebrate
from crocodiles warm blooded - 4 chamber heart amniotic egg active all year long hollow bones, allow flight h
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Mammals |
vertebrates
evolved from reptiles warm blooded mammary gland most have internal embryonic development
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Monotremes |
most primitive mammal
lay eggs with leathery shell no teeth platypus
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Marsupial |
mammal
no placenta give birth a few weeks in stay on mother, latch on mammary gland kangaroos, wombats, koala
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Population |
a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species at a given area at a given time
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Community |
all of the populations occupying a given area at a given time
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Ecosystem |
a community and its environment
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Population Density |
number of individuals of a species for a given area
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Dispersion Patterns |
clumped - clumps of animals, most common
uniform - evenly dispersed, humans do this random - rare
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Exponential Growth |
unlimited resources
bacteria can do this birthrate exceeds deathrate
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Population Limiting Factors |
things that stop the population growth
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Density Dependent Factors |
effects depend on how many critters you have (food, etc)
dingos
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Density Independent Factors |
factor has nothing to do with population
- weather
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Carrying Capacity |
(K) max number of individuals of a species that can live in a certain habitat
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Logistic Growth |
S - shaped curve, what happens in nature
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Boom and Bust Population Cycle |
... |