BIO_SC 1010 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lecture 1 (January 24)Ch. 1: Science of Biology I. Biological Diversity: All living things*1.8 million species1. Domain Bacteria (Prokaryotes)*Membrane bound individual cells2. Domain Archaea (Prokaryotes)* Live in active volcanoes, rocks and hot springs3. Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)*Membrane bound organelles 1.Protista: Unicellular2.Plants: Use photosynthesis and are multicellular 3. Fungi: Get nutrition from other organisms and are multicellular4. Animals: MulticellularII. Cell: Unit of living matter*All living thins are composed of cells*Smallest living thingIII. Evolution: Change in species over time.*Natural Selection: Who live and who dies (Charles Darwin)*Animal’s decent from ancestors and change over time.IV. Life is organized: How things are organized 1. Chemical level: 2 or more atoms2. Cell level: Smallest living unit3. Tissue Level: 2 or more cells working together (muscle/nervous tissue)4. Organ level: 2 or more tissues working together (Stomach/lung)5. Organ system: 2 or more organs working together (digestive system)6. Organism: 2 or more organ systems working together (Blue whale=Biggest organism)7. Population: All interbreeding organisms put together.8. Community: All organisms in a particular area9. Ecosystem: All living organisms in their environmentV. Life: Characteristics living things share1. Order2. Cellular respiration3. Responding to the environment 4. Reproduction 5. Increase complexity: Starting small and getting bigger6. DNALecture 2 (January 27) Ch. 2 & 3: Chemistry and Biochemistry -All living things are made up of atoms and molecules (105 elements, 92 occur naturally)*Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus*Electrons orbit around the nucleus.*Max of 2 electrons on the first orbital ring*Max of 8 electrons on the second orbital ring-Atoms do not react and are most stable when the outer ring is full with electrons. -Covalent Bond: Sharing electrons between 2 different atoms.-Ionic Bond: Giving up or gaining electrons -Hydrogen Bond: When the positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative end of another. -Carbon Atom:*4 electrons in its outer most orbital ring*Can form 4 hydrogen bonds by sharing its 4 electrons*About 80% of things you use in everyday life are made up of carbon. Types of Organic Compounds:1. Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches C + H + O [1: 2: 1 ratio]A. Monosaccharide: Glucose (C6H12O6), lactose, fructose (plant sugar) B. Disaccharide: 2 simple sugars joining together-Maltose* Dehydration synthesis: combing 2 sugar to = 1 (removing water)ex: Glucose joined with fructose = sucrose *Add water back to break up the combined sugars (Hydrolysis)C. Polysaccharides: More than 2 carbs combined *Glycogen: How we store sugars (liver or in cells)*Starch: How plants store sugars2. Lipids: Fats and all other biological molecules that are not soluble in water.-Non-polar-Fat molecules cluster together because they can’t form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.A. Fatty Acids: Long chain of carbon & hydrogen atoms.B. Saturated Fats: Fatty acid chains that are composed of the maximum number of hydrogen atoms.C. Unsaturated Fats: Fats composed of fatty acids with double bonds between one or more pairs of carbon atoms that contain fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. 3. Proteins:A. Enzymes: Help cells carry out particular chemical reactions.B. Amino Acids: Subunits on a long polymer chain that make up proteins *Peptide bond: Covalent bond linking two amino acids.*Polypeptides: Long chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.C. Protein Structure*Primary: The sequence of amino acids within the polytide*Secondary: When the chain of amino acids twist*Tertiary: The final 3 dimensional shape of the protein * Quaternary: When a protein is composed of more than one polypeptide chain.D. Denaturation: When a protein unfolds due to environmental conditions that disrupt hydrogen bonding.4. Nucleic Acids: Genetic information storage device for cells. Long polymers of repeating nucleotides.A. Polynucleotide Chains: Contain individual sugars with their attached nitrogenous bases that are linked through dehydration reaction in a line by the phosphate groups.B. DNA & RNA*DNA: Consists of 2 polynucleotide chains wound around each other in a double helix. It stores genetic information and the sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the order of amino acids in the primary structure of protein.*RNA: Long single strand of nucleotides. They regulate how information in DNA is used and carries the information from the DNA to the protein making machinery in the cell. Ions & Isotopes:-Ions: Atoms that either gained one or more electrons or lost one or more electrons.-Isotopes: Atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.Properties of Water:-Water molecules are very polar so they attract to other polar molecules.-Heat storage: Large amount of thermal energy is required to raise water temperatures because of the many hydrogen bonds that water molecules form with one another.-Ice Formation: Ice is less dense then water causing ice to float.-High heat of vaporization: When temperature is high enough many hydrogen bonds between water molecules will break causing liquid to change into a gas.-Cohesion: When the other polar molecule is another water molecule.-Adhesion: When the other polar molecule is a different substance.Lecture 3 (January 29) Ch. 4: Cell Biology -Most cells do the things it needs to do to stay alive-Fight disease at the cell level-Cytology: Study of cells.Generalized Animal Cells: What all cells have1.Plama Membrane: -Made up of phospholipid—the circle heads with the two tails*The heads are polar, so they are attracted to the water on either side of the membrane,causing them to repel outward, thus the tails face inward -Cell membrane separates external and internal environment -Cells communicate with the membrane *Cells can recognize what cells should be next to them-It is permeable differentially*Can decide what stuff from inside/outside can go in/out2. Nucleus :-Where DNA is kept/stored-Information is sent from the nucleus to the cytoplasm through small pores.-Where RNA is found3. Cytoplasm: Keeps the shape of the cell4. Organelles: Stuff inside the cell-Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Makes up about half of the cell membrane*Provides surface area to be able to form chemical reactions*Acts as a pathway * ER can make more ER*Rough ER: Tiny dots on the