MCB 181R: EXAM 1
74 Cards in this Set
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What are the characteristics of life? Do only living organisms have these traits?
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Living organisms are made of cells, organisms use energy to carry out functions, living things can replicate/reproduce, process info regarding the environment/genetic info, evolve. Some things do have these, but do not display all (viruses replicate using cells).
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What are the pattern and process aspects of cell theory?
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Pattern: all organisms are made of cells
Process: All cells come from existing cells (Pasteur's experiment).
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Pattern and Process of evolutionary theory?
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Pattern: All species are related through a common ancestor.
Process: Natural selection
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Louis Pasteur's experiment
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Supported all cells from cells hypothesis and disproved spontaneous generation hypothesis.
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If Pasteur used a different type of broth for the straight neck flask experiments than for the crooked neck, how would that have effected his conclusions?
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It would have made is support less strong because it would have changed the constant between the two experiments. Only change one variable for a solid experiment.
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Which results allowed Pasteur to reject spontaneous generation hypothesis? Did he prove hypothesis 2?
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The swan neck bottle allowed him to reject the spontaneous generation theory because the bacteria didn't grow in that flask. DIDN'T PROVE ONLY SUPPORTED!!!!!!!!
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Fact
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Observation that is always true
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Law
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Tendency for things to happen in a certain way
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Hypothesis
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Testable, falsifiable statement that can be used to create more complex explanation.
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Theory
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A hypothesis that is supported with facts and laws.
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Can a theory ever become a fact?
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No because it is a bigger idea (?)
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What kind of evidence is acceptable in science? What is not?
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Empirical evidence (can be sensed by human senses and testable), observations are needed. Outside empirical evidence is not (supernatural). Requires evidence not faith. Must be objective and not subjective. No bias.
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Must phenomena be directly observable to be considered scientific evidence?
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No, no one has seen an atom or electrons but a lot of evidence exists for their existence.
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In what ways is science a secular enterprise?
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Neutral on religious matters and uses evidence not faith.
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Why is it important that logical reasoning be used to evaluate scientific evidence?
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Science is self correcting, dynamic, and cumulative. (?)
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In what ways is science dynamic, cumulative, and self correcting?
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Huge community that is constantly trying to create a better understanding of the world by disproving and providing evidence for theories.
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Limitations of science
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Nothing can be proved, and somethings cannot be seen directly. Nothing supernatural can be proved nor disproved.
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What kind of questions are NOT appropriately answered using science?
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Supernatural and religious matters. Outside of empirical evidence.
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According to B. Kuipers, why do we believe in electrons, but not fairies?
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Knowledge accumulated about electrons and how they will behave. No tests to support the existence of fairies.
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What was the prevailing world view about species when Darwin and Wallace introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection? What were their contributions?
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(?)
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Special Creation, process and pattern.
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The idea that every organism was created in the perfect form.
Pattern: All organisms are independent and unrelated
Process: Created by a higher being.
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What lines of scientific evidence are consistent with the pattern components of special creation?
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Everything exists now as different species....that's it...Earth=6000 years old. Animals are static.
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Evidence for evolution by natural selection
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Vestigial traits, morphological homologies, molecular homologies, DNA sequences.
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Morphological homologies
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similiar structure but different function; ie: whale fins have a humerus, ulna, etc.
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4 Postulates of the theory of evolution by natural selection
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1.) Individuals vary in characteristics
2.) Traits=heritable (only genetic ones not acquired)
3.) Some will leave more offspring than others (differential reproductive success)
4.) Those survive w/ most favorable traits in an environment
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Evolution occurs due to the differential reproductive success of members of a species...explain
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Some will leave more offspring than others and this leads to a higher chance of those offspring reproducing.
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Difference between artificial and natural selection
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Artificial: Mainly done by humans, antibiotic resistance.
Natural: Done by the environment mainly.
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Darwin and Wallace didn't know?
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Genetics, how traits were passed down, how new traits were generated (mutations)
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis: how did it fulfill 4 postulates?
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Grew resistance to rimpafin. They varied in genetic info, the variation was heritable, differential reproductive success, artificial selection, selection did occur to favor the resistance.
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Do individuals evolve?
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POPULATIONS EVOLVE INDIVIDUALS DO NOT!!! Traits are passed down to offspring and traits are spread through the population.
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Controversy on evolution? Is there scientific controversy?
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Only with religion because they don't choose to believe it and NO
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Evolution can be considered a fact and theory...why?
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Fact: seen in nature through modern and old examples.
Theory: Has not been disproven
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Intelligent design fails as scientific theory...why?
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It is not testable, supernatural, not empirical.
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Composition of Sun and stars
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Hydrogen and Helium
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Composition of Earth
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Hydrogen and Helium
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Living Cells Composition
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CHNOPS, 98%
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Pre Biotic soup evidence
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Urey-Miller experiment, meteorites carried in organic molecules (not much evidence).
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Surface Metabolism Model
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Happened in deep sea vents, black smokers, seen today still.
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Have scientists been able to create living cells using non-living matter?
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No, helps strengthen cell theory.
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Advantages of molecules being enclosed in a plasma membrane 4 BYA
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Protected from environment, regulating of environment, internal conditions can be created to maximize reaction efficiency.
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Cyanobacteria
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Photosynthesis using bacteria, autotrophs
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Impact of cyanobacteria on atmosphere and the evolution of subsequent organisms.
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Created oxygen that was toxic at first, but then selected for resistance to O2, laid foundation for aerobic respiration, created ozone layer to protect planet from UV rays, able to live on land now
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Endosymbiosis theory
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Theory that mitochondria and cholorplasts began as prokaryotic cells that developed a symbiotic relationship with a eukaryotic cell
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Evidence of endosymbiotic theory
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mito and chloro both have own DNA and own plasma membrane, they have plasmids, ribosomes, and divide independently, create some of their own proteins.
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Multicellular organisms...why did it take so long?
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had to learn to work together, stick together, and communicate.
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Sexual reproductive advantages and disadvantages
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ADV: adaption is needed to survive, more variation,favored by selection.
DIS: takes energy to find a mate and it takes a while to produce offspring
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If time span of Earth was put into a month, when did humans develop?
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The end of the 30th day (not even the whole day).
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Surprising that there are gaps in fossil record?
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No less than 1% of animals become fossils, conditions have to be perfect
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Does the gaps in fossil record make problems for evolutionary theory?
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Not necessarily because there are still many fossils supporting evolution, but it does make it harder to support by not having enough examples. (?)
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Proportions of each type of molecule in cells
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70% water 5%ions 25% macromolecules 60% proteins 25% nucleic acids 10% carbs 5% lipids
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What is meant by the biochemical unity of life?
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The different chemicals making life
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Three different monomers
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Amino acids, Nucleotides, Monosaccharides
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How do monomers come together to form polymers?
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Condensation reaction; enzyme removes the water molecule. Endergonic process
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How do polymers split apart?
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Hydrolysis; water is added and splits polymer into its monomers. Exergonic process.
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How do polymers split apart?
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Structure, enzymes, messaging (hormones), immune system, movement
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Function of CARBOHYDRATES in cells
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Energy storage (starch, glycogen), structural support (cellulose)
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Function of NUCLEIC ACIDS
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Storage of genetic info, protein synthesis, RNA can act as enzyme
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How are lipids different from these polymers?
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NONPOLAR and not considered a polymer
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Functions of lipids
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Huge component of membranes, long term energy storage, insulation, cellular messengers like hormones
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How do amino acids differ from each other?
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different side chains, some are polar some are not, and some act as an acid or a base.
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How are amino acids alike?
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carboxyl group, amino group, alpha carbon, monomers of proteins.
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How can you tell if an amino acid is polar or non polar?
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Seeing if there is an electronegative atom on the side chain
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How do amino acids play into folding of proteins?
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Hydrophobic fold to center while hydrophilic are on the outside (hydrophobic effect), disulfide linkage (S-S), hydrogen bonding, and ionic bonding.
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What determines the exact shape of a protein?
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Hydrophobic effect, disulfide linkage, hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding
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What is the name of the covalent bond that holds the amino acid monomers together?
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peptide bond
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How does protein shape relate to function?
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Shape determines the function...enzyme activation sites need to be very specific
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Things that can denature a protein
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Temperature: Creates higher kinetic energy which causes vibrations that break weak bonds.
pH: H+ ions bond with ionic interactions and hydrogen bonding messing up the folding of the protein.
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What kinds of differently shaped polymers can carbohydrates make?
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cellulose, starch, glycogen
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Why can most organisms hydrolyze starch, but not cellulose?
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they have enzymes that can digest starch but not cellulose because of the bonds between monomers.
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Basic structure of nucleotides
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Adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine, phosphate, pentose sugar.
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bond name between nucleotides
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phosphodiester
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Why do purines always bond with a pyrimidine?
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The pairing allows hydrogen bonds to form between certain purines and pyrimidines. The need to bond to fit in the helix.
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Two types of polymers that nucleotides take
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RNA and DNA
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What kind of bonding is involved in nucleic acids?
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Hydrogen (between base pairs), covalent (phosphodiester)
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MCB 181R: EXAM 1