132 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
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Bull
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intact male of any age, that has reached sexual maturity
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Artificial Insemination
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placement of semen into the female reproductive tract by means other than natural service
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Body Condition Score
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A visual appraisal of the muscle and fat covering the animal. In cattle ranking 1 (emaciated) to 9 (obese)
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Bos Indicus
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AKA Zebu cattle. Cattle adopted to hott climates (humped cattle)
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Bos Taurus
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the domesticated Bovine species
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Bovine
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term used to refer to cattle
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Calf
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under 12 months of age
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castrate
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removal of testicles
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cow
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female after calving, reached sexual maturity
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Docility
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calm temperament, easily handled
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Estrous
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ovulation cycle of female mammals, in heat
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Estrus
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period during the estrous cycle when female is receptive to breeding
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Expected Progeny Difference
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prediction of performance of future offspring of an individual compared to the offspring of the average animal.
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Gestation
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time period from conception until birth
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Heifer
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young female before calving. (giving birth)
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Lactation
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production and release of milk by mammary glands
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Maternal Effects
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Traits that the female parent passes on to her calves (mothering ability, milk production, environment, maternal instinct)
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Open
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non-pregnant females that have reached sexual maturity
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parturition
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process of giving birth
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Service
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to breed or mate, naturally
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Settle
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to become pregnant
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Steer
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castrated male before sexual maturity
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Weaning
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Separating calves from their mothers so they cannot nurse
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Yearling
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12-24 months of age
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EPD's cannot compare directly
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from breed to breed
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Feedstuffs that are enhanced by fermentation include
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Corn silage, high moisture corn & haylage
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Haylage
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difficult to pack
additive treatment aids fermentation
40-50% DM
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corn silage
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most popular options for dairy and cattle feed it is high in energy and digestability
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Why is high moisture corn run through a roller mill when it comes out of the silo before feeding?
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crush kernels to increase digestibility
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What is the general term for high-moisture feed made by fermenting oats, alfalfa, corn or other grass crop?
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silage
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The highest energy need of a cow is
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early lactation
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True/False: Michigan is a state included in the "beef belt"
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False
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The body scoring condition system in beef cattle industry:
a.) Ranges from 1-9
b.) Ideal conditions are from 4-8
c.) A cow with a score of 1 would look like a skeleton
d.) all the above
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D.) All the Above
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Genetic Evaluation systems are:
a.)Reported as expected progeny difference
b.)valuable for looking at traits of importance
c.)used for developing sire summaries for selection purposes
d.) All the above
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D. All the above
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Purebred Angus Cattle are:
a.) polled
b.) brown & black in color
c.) ~ 1/2 size of hereford cattle
d.) all the above
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A.) polled
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red body, white face and belly. polled or horned
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Hereford
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When evaluating beef cattle it is important to:
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evaluate the structure of the feet and legs
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The following continental cattle is the only one to not be found in the color black now:
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Charolias
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Beef cattle that have been castrated are called:
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steers
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Name the British breeds
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Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn
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The Bos Indicus breeds are used in crossbreeding programs because
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they are more tolerant of insects and heat
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The recessive gene found in some shorthorns is called Tibial Hemimelia (TH) and it:
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is a lethal deformity
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80% black and polled originally red and white, Switzerland,
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Simmental
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Scotland,most popular beef breed
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Black Angus
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Red Angus
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NEED TO KNOW: Origin (U.S.); naturally polled breed of moderate size; excellent marbling and maternal ability; early compositional/sexual maturity; easy fleshing; good milk prod.; developed from a recessive gene in black Angus cattle
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Black Angus (#1) and Red Angus (#6)
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Black (more popular due to marketing) and Red
Polled
Strengths — Maternal traits, Fertility and calving ease, marbling
Weaknesses — Moderate size and growth, heat tolerance (coat color), Carcass cutability
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Shorthorn
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NEED TO KNOW: Origin (England); breed of moderate size with a good disposition; early maturing; has appendix registry that allows for the introduction of outside genetics
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Charolais
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-extremely fast growing, muscular.
Origin France
-large framed, heavy birth weight, large mature size
-lean, muscular carcasses, but marbling can be a problem
-below average maternally
White to cream coloration w/ pigmentation
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Hereford
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NEED TO KNOW: Origin (England); moderate-sized breed with a good disposition; adaptable to many environments; early maturing with low to moderate milk prod.; average to below average muscle and marbling (poorest of British breeds); 2nd largest # of U.S. registrations; two variants of Here…
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Simmental
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-Switzerland 1967
-Breeding up: Yes; SS: Yes (First)
- 49,000 registrations; 4th in registrations
-Strength: growth rate, bull tests, heavy milkers, early puberty
-ASA has aggressive carcass merit program
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Brangus (#9); American Breed; Bos Indicus
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Highest meat quality of the US
Black and red
Polled
Moderate mature size
Strengths — heat tolerance, mothering ability, carcass quality
Weaknesses — muscling, cutability, temperament
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Brahman Bull: Bos Indicus
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Most Important Breed created from 3
(Gir, Nelore, Guzerat)
Light gray, red, black, pigmented skin
Medium, Heat/insect tolerant
Loose skin, droopy ears, hump. pendulous sheath
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3 basic breeds of horses
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draft horses
light horses
ponies
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the three basic types of horses are all:
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Equus Caballus
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Equus Caballus
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true horse - larger bodies, longer legs, enlarged skulls and jaws
donkey and zebra
originated in central and north america
spread to europe, asia, south america and africa
fossils in western U.S. - 600,000 to 7,000 BC
great ice in northern hemisphere - 7000 BC - no more horses
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largest number of horses in the U.S. are:
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Light horses
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main types of draft horses are:
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belgian, clydesdale, percheron
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15 hands=
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60 inches
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A mare crossed with a jack produces a sterile mule
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True
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Dystocias is *
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Where foal is positioned incorrectly
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What does THAT stand for?
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Temperature
Humidity
Air Flow
Turning
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Ideal incubation temperature is:
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99.6 F
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what are the factors in moisture loss of an egg
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humidity, embryo size and shell thickness
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what is the ideal water loss of an egg
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15%
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turning is important for what in the egg?
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embryonic placement
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how are eggs graded?
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-shell
-size of air cells
-clearness/thickness of egg whites
-condition of yolk
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What are the top ten egg producing states
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Iowa
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Indiana
California
Texas
Minnesota
Michigan
Nebraska
Florida
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What are eggs 2 purposes?
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1. For eating (table eggs)
2. For producing more chickens (hatching eggs)
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Interior quality factors for egg grading are :
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1. the albumen
2. the yolk
3. the size of air cell
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Candling
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a method to examine the interior content of eggs
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Exterior quality of an egg is measured by:
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shape
2. texture
3. soundness
4. cleanliness
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Yolk
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yellow center part of the egg, in fertilized eggs it is the center of embryo development
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Layer
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chicken raised specifically to produce eggs
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Cuticle
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protective protein coat from the chicken's vagina, added to the egg before it is laid
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Broiler
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chicken raised specifically for meat
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Warm Blooded Horse
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Cross between Hot and cold blooded
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Stallion
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Sexually mature male
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roan
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any base color with white hair mixed in, have a dark head, after they mature won't get lighter
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Pony
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French for foal
<14.2 hands
<900
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Palomino
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-body has to be golden color
-white mane and tail
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What is a Mare?
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A sexually mature female, a female that has foaled, or a female of 4 years of age or older
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Hot-Blooded Horse
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Breeds which are considered to be high-energy or nervous.
Ex: Thoroughbred, Arabians
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Foal
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colt filly or gelding up to one year of age
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Filly
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young female horse
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draft horses
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war horses, hauling commodities, farm tillage (large wide muscular)
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Belgian Horse
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Draft horse.
Chestnut color, usually roan.
Stout legs, large, feathered feet.
Largest number of draft horses in US.
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Clydesdale
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originated in Scotland; white face and legs; feathered feet; lighter than other draft breeds; harder to handle; BUDWEISER HORSES
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Percheron
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Popular cart horse (draft)
- Normandy, France
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Arabian
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grey/chestnut
Used mainly for pleasure/show
traces to Egypt- oldest breed
mod. size w/ high arch neck, alert ears, top tail (showy)
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Morgans
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Developed in NE U.S
Foundation one horse
multipurpose
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American Quarter horse
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#1; Variety of color
used for pleasure/ranchwork/racing "sprinters"
Big muscle in hindquarter
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Standardbred
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-developed in US
-racing: pace (manmade), trot
-more Thoroughbred than Arabian
-more for speed
-some Morgan (mutt)
-leggy, more angle in joints
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Thoroughbred
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bred for distance running; trace back to England and Middle Eastern bloodlines (Arabian) — Darley Arab, Godolphin Arab, and Byerly Turk — 16 hh
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Shetland
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Comes from Shetland islands
9-10 hh
"bred for gentleness"
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Hackney
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High Stepping
Quick-paced cart pony
show pony
developed in england
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Ponies of America (P.O.A.)
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From U.S.
Cross between Shetland and Appaloosa
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Donkey
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Equus asinus
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mule
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male donkey, female horse
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Hinney
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Cross between a stallion and a female donkey
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toxicology is the study of
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poisons
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poison
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chemical that causes harmful effects in a living organism
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Dos-Response Relationship
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relationship between amount of chemical the animal is exposed to and amount of biological response that is being measured
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local effects
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certain chemicals can cause injury @ site of first contact
ie: poison ivy
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systemic effects
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occur in the body separate from the first point of impact
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reversible effects
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effects that go away once animal is no longer being exposed
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irreversible effects
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effects continue even after exposure
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immediate effects
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develop shortly after exposure
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delayed effects
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effected over time
ie: lung cancer
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morphological effects
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irreversible, microscopic changes in tissue
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functional effects
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reversible changes, but effects the functions (brain)
ie: someone drinking too much
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biochemical effects
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effects with out apparent morphological changes
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xenobiotonic
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toxin in body that shouldn't be there
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toxin
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poison produced by plant or animal
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toxicant
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a chemical with adverse human health effects
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what is the largest single component of American Agriculture
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Cattle Industry
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Origin-France, white, horned and polled, large size, heavy muscled, fast growth rate
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Charolais
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Origin-Switzerland Germany & France, gold white and horned or black red and polled, meat and milk in Europe, good growth rate and disposition
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Simmental
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insect resistant, heat tolerant, light grey or red
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Bos Indicus
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composite breeds
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combined good traits into one efficient crossbred
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Terminal Sire
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All offspring go to market.
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Heterosis or Hybrid Vigor
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is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring
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Straight breeding
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Mating of animals of the same breed
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what is the length of feed withdrawl in broilers? turkeys?
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broilers- 8-12 hr
turkeys- 6-12 hr
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exsanguination
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drain away or deprive an organ of blood
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eviseration
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Removal of edible and inedible viscera
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Top Broiler producing countries
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U.S.
China
Brazil
Europe
|
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what type of grains are given to cattle for concentrated source of energy
|
corn
barley
milo/ sorghum
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roughages (sources of fiber)
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corn silage
hay
haylage
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protein supplement sources
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soy bean/ cottonseed
meal
distiller grains
urea or anhydrous ammonia (NPN)
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NPN=
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Nonprotein nitrogen
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organic beef
|
no growth stimulants or antibiodics also no genetically modified feeds
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natural beef
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produced withoutht stimulants and use of antibiotics
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Goats (exam 2)