Final Study Guide
20 Cards in this Set
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Life without microbiota
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Axenic: germ free animals
Proved that microbes are needed for normal intentional development, vitamin source, stimulation of host defenses, and development of immune system
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Note about viruses
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Endogenous retroviruses studies in sheep were helpful placental development.
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Signs of clinical infection
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1) incubation period: initial contact to first symptoms. -normally ranges from 2-30 days
2) prodromal stage: earliest notable signs of infection 1-3 days
3) period of invasion: multiplies at high levels, exhibits great toxicity
4) convalescent period
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Tumor necrosis factor
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Non specific mediator
Cytokines from lymphocytes or macrophages to increase chemotaxis and phagocytosis
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Interferon
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Produced by leukocytes, fibroblasts inhibits virus replication and cell division
Non specific cytokines mediator
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Interleukin 1
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Macrophages and dendritic cells
Non specific cytokines mediator
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Interleukin 6
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Nonspecific cytokines mediator
Secreted by macrophages and T cells. Primary effects to stimulate growth of B cells and increase liver synthesis
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Chemokines
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Cytokines that stimulate movement and migration of WBC
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Interleukin 2
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Cytokines that regulate lymphocyte
Primary growth factor from T cells
Stimulus for antibody production in B cells
Acts on same cell that secrete it
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Interleukin 4
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Cytokines that regulates lymphocytes
Stimulus for production of allergy antigens
Inhibits macrophage actions
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Granulocytes colony stimulating factor
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Cytokines that regulate lymphocytes
Promotes growth and development of macrophages
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Interferon gamma
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Cytokines that activate immune response
Activates macrophages
Differentiation between B and T cells
Activates neutrophils
Stimulates diapedesis
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Histamine
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Vasoactive mediator that also causes mucus production
Functions in inflammation and allergy
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Seratonin
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Mediator produced by platelets and intentional cells that cause smooth muscle contraction
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Bradykinin
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Vasoactive amine from the blood or tissues that stimulates smooth muscle contraction... Active in allergic reactions
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Prostaglandins
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Produced by most body cells
Powerful stimulants of inflammation and pain
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Leukotrienrs
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Stimulate contraction of smooth muscle and enhance vascular permeability
Immediate allergies
Constriction of airways
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Platelet activating factor
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Substance released from basophils cause aggregation of platelets and release of other chemical mediators during immediate allergic reactions
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Histiocytes
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Specialized macrophage that migrate to a certain tissue and remain there in life span
Ex alveolar macrophages (lung), Kupffer cells (liver), dendritic cells (skin)
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Histiocytes
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Specialized macrophage that migrate to a certain tissue and remain there in life span
Ex alveolar macrophages (lung), Kupffer cells (liver), dendritic cells (skin)
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Final Study Guide