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Final Study Guide
Life without microbiota |
Axenic: germ free animals
Proved that microbes are needed for normal intentional development, vitamin source, stimulation of host defenses, and development of immune system |
Note about viruses |
Endogenous retroviruses studies in sheep were helpful placental development. |
Signs of clinical infection |
1) incubation period: initial contact to first symptoms. -normally ranges from 2-30 days
2) prodromal stage: earliest notable signs of infection 1-3 days
3) period of invasion: multiplies at high levels, exhibits great toxicity
4) convalescent period |
Tumor necrosis factor |
Non specific mediator
Cytokines from lymphocytes or macrophages to increase chemotaxis and phagocytosis |
Interferon |
Produced by leukocytes, fibroblasts inhibits virus replication and cell division
Non specific cytokines mediator |
Interleukin 1 |
Macrophages and dendritic cells
Non specific cytokines mediator |
Interleukin 6 |
Nonspecific cytokines mediator
Secreted by macrophages and T cells. Primary effects to stimulate growth of B cells and increase liver synthesis |
Chemokines |
Cytokines that stimulate movement and migration of WBC |
Interleukin 2 |
Cytokines that regulate lymphocyte
Primary growth factor from T cells
Stimulus for antibody production in B cells
Acts on same cell that secrete it |
Interleukin 4 |
Cytokines that regulates lymphocytes
Stimulus for production of allergy antigens
Inhibits macrophage actions |
Granulocytes colony stimulating factor |
Cytokines that regulate lymphocytes
Promotes growth and development of macrophages |
Interferon gamma |
Cytokines that activate immune response
Activates macrophages
Differentiation between B and T cells
Activates neutrophils
Stimulates diapedesis |
Histamine |
Vasoactive mediator that also causes mucus production
Functions in inflammation and allergy |
Seratonin |
Mediator produced by platelets and intentional cells that cause smooth muscle contraction |
Bradykinin |
Vasoactive amine from the blood or tissues that stimulates smooth muscle contraction... Active in allergic reactions |
Prostaglandins |
Produced by most body cells
Powerful stimulants of inflammation and pain |
Leukotrienrs |
Stimulate contraction of smooth muscle and enhance vascular permeability
Immediate allergies
Constriction of airways |
Platelet activating factor |
Substance released from basophils cause aggregation of platelets and release of other chemical mediators during immediate allergic reactions |
Histiocytes |
Specialized macrophage that migrate to a certain tissue and remain there in life span
Ex alveolar macrophages (lung), Kupffer cells (liver), dendritic cells (skin) |
Histiocytes |
Specialized macrophage that migrate to a certain tissue and remain there in life span
Ex alveolar macrophages (lung), Kupffer cells (liver), dendritic cells (skin) |