BIO 206SPRING SEMESTER 2019INSTRUCTOR: DR. RITA MOYES27 February 20193.) Fungi toxin-example 2● The Middle Ages- Ergotism was known as St Anthony’s fire○ Killed thousands● France 943 AD○ 40,000 deaths were recorded from ergotism● USA○ Accusations of witchcraft in Massachusetts communities in the late 1690sdue to ergotism?○ Symptoms of ergot poisoning■ Visions and fits■ Psychotic delusions■ Confusion■ Odd skin sensations■ Slurred speech○ Fungus infested rye was used in break making■ High concentration of ergot in metal pans○ Weather conditions records for 1690-1692 show that New England weatherwas ideal for growth of the fungus○ All the conditions for ergot poisoning were present!○ Ergot toxin- active ingredient lysergic acid (street name-LSD)○ In controlled doses ergot can be used to induce labor, lower blood pressure,and ease migraine headaches■ Medical uses1Stachybotrys sp- sick building syndrome● Produces mycotoxin● Respiratory problems and asthma4.) Industrial Processes● Fungi especially yeasts are essential to many industrial processes involvingfermentation○ Bread, wine, cheese, beer, etc○ Acetic acid for sodas produced● Soy sauce production: Aspergillus oryzae5.) Antibiotics● Some fungi produce metabolic byproducts that are toxic to othermicroorganisms=antibiotics● We extract and purify the antibiotic to treat human infections!● Examples:○ Penicillium sp- penicillin○ Cephalosporium sp.-cephalosporinTAXONOMYThe science of classifying organisms● Provides universal names for organisms and a reference for identifying organisms● Formal system created by Carl von Linne (Linnaeus)○ 1701-1778○ Divided into three parts:■ Classification, identification, nomenclature● Classification-placing organisms in groups of related species○ Lists of characteristics of known organisms2● Identification-matching characteristics of an “unknown” organism to lists of knownorganisms● Nomenclature-naming of organism○ Has a genus and speciesClassification of Microorganisms● 3 Domains-based on ribosomal RNA nucleotide sequences○ Bacteria○ Archaea○ Eukarya● 5 Kingdoms○ Prokaryotes○ Protists○ Fungi○ Plants○ AnimalsTaxonomic Hierarchy● Dear King Phillip Came Over For Green Spiders● Domain-largest and most diverse○ Kingdom■ Phylum- in Micro, replace phylum with Divisions● Class○ Order■ Family● Genus○ Species-smallest, most specific● Add complexity:○ Sub ie: Subclass○ Super ie: Superfamily3Naming and Classifying Microorganisms● Linnaeus established the system of scientific nomenclature● Each organism has two names: the genus and species● The name is italicized or underlined○ The genus is capitalized○ The species is lowercase○ Example: Staphylococcus aureus or Staphylococcus aureusBacterial Classification● Different tests to identify characteristics● Allows placement in classification scheme1.) Morphology○ Microscopic-traits that can be valuable aids to identification arecombinations of:■ Shape: cocci/spirilla/rod/tetrads■ Gram +/-■ Endospores■ Flagella■ Etc○ Macroscopic-appearance of colonies■ On agar/growth in broth tube■ Observed with the naked eye● Color● Texture● Shape● Size● Elevation● Edge● Etc42.) Ecological Characteristics○ Environment○ Microorganisms living in various parts of the human body are markedly differfrom one another and from those growing in freshwater, terrestrial, andmarine environment○ If they grow in a different environment, they have a different requirement○ Solar evaporation pond in Owens Lakes, CA- extremely high in salt andminerals. Archaea that live there produce bright red pigments forphotosynthesis3.) Physiological/Biochemical Characteristics○ Enzymes and other biochemical properties of bacteria are a fairly reliableand stable expression of the chemical identity of each species○ Examples:■ Catalase- hydrogen peroxide + bacteria → water and O2 (+bubbles) =+ test■ Oxidase- presence of cytochrome C in ETC→ purple= + test■ DNAse● Sugar fermentation → various sugars (red broth) iffermentation occurs → ACID →+ rxn → lowers the pH → turnsmedia yellow● Gas production○ TSIA- triple sugar iron○ O2 can cause oxidative decarboxylation= increase pH and turns the slantpink○ Observe:■ Sugar fermentation● Glucose (1%)/Lactose (10%)/Sucrose (10%)○ Yellow = lactose and/or sucrose were fermented=increase acidity= yellow slant■ Hydrogen sulfide production● Black precipitant● Acid must be present for H2S+5■ Gas production■ Evaluated at the slant/butt/H2S/gas● slant=aerobic● butt=anaerobic● k=alkaline, a=Acid■ If only glucose is fermented → its at a lower concentration● In the anaerobic butt, a small amount of acid produced turnsthe butt